促进儿童坚持用药

在了解及处理坚持用药的情况较差时，医生往往遇到很多困难。困扰医生的一个主要问题是，如何护理患有急性或危及生命的疾病而不能长期坚持治疗的儿童。对医生来说，更难的是如何了解父母何时不能为子女提供适当的护理。近30％～70％的患慢性疾病者，因为治疗时间长、服用的药物种类多及症状时有缓解而不能坚持用药。临床经验表明，患有慢性疾病，如囊性纤维化、癫痫、哮喘、糖尿病患者坚持用药的情况较差。     

AST-120对CKD进程的影响

从1991年开始，口服的碳吸附剂AST-120在日本被用于治疗慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者，但是在其他国家却不常用。在CKD的动物模型中，AST-120可清除尿毒症毒素，减轻氧化应激；在组织学水平观察到它可明显延缓肾小球硬化、肾间质纤维化、近端肾小管肥大的进展。在部分肾切除的大鼠模型中，AST-120显示出对其肾脏的保护作用超过了低蛋白饮食和降压药物。在CKD的患者中，AST-120也显示可延缓肾小球滤过率（GFR）及血肌酐浓度倒数下降的作用。     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠术侧肾脏的表达

血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的主要作用是刺激血管内皮细胞的增殖与分化、抑制内皮细胞凋亡，主要通过两个受体Flk-1和Flt-1发挥作用。本研究旨在明确VEGF及其受体在单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠术侧肾脏不同时间的表达变化情况，为进一步探讨其在UUO大鼠小管间质纤维化中的作用机制提供实验依据。     

百令胶囊对大鼠肾小管间质纤维化的防治作用

目的：观察百令胶囊对肾小管间质纤维化的防治作用及其作用机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠90只,随机分为对照组（30只）、模型组（30只）、预防组（30只）。以2%腺嘌呤淀粉混悬液150mg.kg^-1.d^-1灌胃,连续17周,制作大鼠肾小管间质纤维化模型;预防组加以1.5g.kg^-1.d^-1百令胶囊溶于生理盐水灌胃以预防肾小管间质纤维化;对照组以等体积的2%淀粉溶液和生理盐水灌胃。分别于实验第7周、12周、17周时随机处死10只大鼠,进行血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）,24h尿蛋白定量和尿NAG酶检测,光镜下观察肾组织的病理变化,计算肾小管间质纤维化指数;免疫组织化学法检测肾脏HGF、TGF-β1的表达情况。结果：（1）功能学变化：与对照组比较,各时相点模型组、预防组大鼠尿蛋白、尿NAG酶、Scr及BUN均升高（P〈0.01）,但预防组低于模型组（P〈0.01）;模型组、预防组自身对照各指标均较前一时相点升高（P〈0.01）。（2）病理学变化：7周时模型组、预防组即有肾小管间质损害;模型组、预防组自身对照肾小管间质损害均较前一时相点加重（P〈0.01）,但7周、12周时预防组肾小管间质损害均较模型组为轻（P〈0.01）,17周时两组间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。（3）免疫组化：模型组、预防组大鼠肾脏HGF表达7周、12周时高于对照组大鼠（P〈0.01）,17周时低于对照组（P〈0.01）,且各时相点预防组均高于模型组（P〈0.01）;模型组、预防组自身对照均较前一时相点降低（P〈0.01）,17周时表达量最低。各时相点模型组、预防组大鼠肾脏TGF-β1的表达均高于对照组（P〈0.01）,且预防组均低于模型组（P〈0.01）,模型组、预防组自身对照均较前一时相点升高（P〈0.01）,17周时表达量最高。（4）HGF表达量与TGF-β1表达量呈负相关（r=-0.999,P〈0.01）。结论：百令胶囊对早期肾小管间质纤维化有一定的防治?     

糖尿病腹膜透析患者胰岛素治疗方案探讨

目的探讨糖尿病腹膜透析(CAPD)患者合理的胰岛素应用方法.方法采用横断面研究方法调查所有接受CAPD治疗至少6个月以上的糖尿病肾病患者的胰岛素使用方案及血糖控制情况.并在横断面研究的基础上,动态观察24例新收的糖尿病CAPD患者透析前、后胰岛素的使用方法、剂量调整方案及血糖控制情况.结果2002年6月至2002年12月间共25例2型糖尿病CAPD患者,其中腹腔内注射胰岛素(IP)6人,皮下注射胰岛素(SC)9人,腹腔和皮下联合应用(IP SC)7人.①空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、透析液糖总负荷量、透析液平均糖浓度、透析剂量在IP、SC、IP SC三组间差异均无显著性,(P＞0.05);②与IP及IP SC组相比,SC组胰岛素用量明显减少,(P＜0.05);③腹膜炎的总发生率为1次/每15患者月,明显高于同期非糖尿病腹膜透析患者的腹膜炎发生率(1次/每48患者月),(P＜0.01);④动态观察24例新收的糖尿病CAPD患者,胰岛素剂量较透析前平均增加了(0.33±0.23)倍.透析后调整的胰岛素实际增加量与理论预测增加量差异无显著性,(P＞0.05).患者血糖控制良好,平均为(5.81±1.22)mmol/L.结论皮下注射胰岛素是有效控制糖尿病CAPD患者血糖水平的适当途径.腹膜透析后,可在原有皮下应用胰岛素方案的基础上,参照糖吸收量计算需增加的胰岛素用量适当增减胰岛素,能有效控制血糖.     

低蛋白饮食对环孢素A肾病大鼠肾间质纤维化的作用

Objective To investigate whether low-protein diet has protective effect on the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephropathy. Methods Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (6 rats in each group). The rats in control group (C group) received common diet; in model group (M group) low-salt diet; in intervention group (Ⅰ group) low-salt and low-protein diet. After diet adaptation period of one week, the rats in C group received subcutaneous injection of olive oil 1 mg/kg daily for 5 weeks, while M group and Ⅰ group subcutaneous injection of CsA (diluted into 25 g/L with olive oil) 1 ml/kg for 5 weeks. All the rats were sacrificed at the end of the 5th week. The food-intake and body weight were measured daily. The creatinine clearance (Ccr) was examined before rats were sacrificed. The semi-quantitative pathological analysis on kidney sections was performed. The mRNA and protein expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-βI) and type Ⅰ collagen (Col Ⅰ) in kidney tissue was determined with real time PCR and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. Results The food-intake and body weight of rats in M and I groups were significantly lower than those in C group (P<0.05). Compared with C group, the Ccr levels in M and Ⅰ groups were significantly reduced [(0.65±0.15) ml/min, (0.40+0.13) ml/min vs (1.55±0.29) ml/min, P<0.05], the relative fibrosis areas of kidney interstitium in M and I groups were significantly increased (3.60%±0.46%, 3.26%±0.75% vs 0.44%±0.24%, P<0.05), the mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1 in M and I group was significantly up-regulated (by 2.6 and 3.1 times in mRNA and by 1.5 and 1.6 times in protein, respectively, P<0.05), and the mRNA and protein expression of Col Ⅰ in M and I groups was also significantly up-regulated (by 3.0 and 3.5 times in mRNA and by 2.3 and 2.1 times in protein, respectively, P<0.05). There were no significant differences between M and I groups in every parameters above-mentioned except the rat body weight and Ccr. Both the body weight and Ccr in Ⅰ group were significantly lower than those in M group (P<0.05). Compared with C group, the urine osmotic pressure in M group and in I group were deceased (for M group, P>0.05; for I group, P<0.05). Compared with C group, the serum cholesterol levels in M and I groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum phosphorus level in I group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The levels of serum albumin and serum calcium of all three groups had no statistical differences (P>0.05). Conclusion Low-protein diet has no renoprutective effects on the rat model of cyclosporin A nephropathy, on the contrary, may induce body weight loss.     

补肾排毒合剂对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质MMP-9与TIMP-1基因表达的影响

目的：研究单侧输尿管梗阻（unilateral ureteral obstruction，UUO）后大鼠肾间质MMP-9、TIMP-1基因的表达变化，探讨补肾排毒合剂对肾间质纤维化的保护作用。方法：采用UUO诱导肾间质纤维化的动物模型，将大鼠随机分为假手术组（Sham组）、模型组（UUO组）和补肾排毒合剂治疗组（REM组），用RT—PCR技术检测肾组织在术后3、10、20、30d MMP-9、TIMP-1的基因表达。结果：UUO组TIMP-1 mRNA的表达明显高于Sham组（P〈0．01），REM组TIMP-1 mRNA表达均明显低于UUO组（P〈0、01）。MMP-9 mRNA在UUO术后明显升高，第10天达到高峰，继之下降。REM组10d后下降幅度较小，在20、30d时间点高于UUO组（P〈0，01）。结论：补肾排毒合剂影响MMP-9／TIMP-1的基因表达，从而促进了ECM的降解过程，延缓肾间质纤维化的进展。     

腹茧症的影像诊断

目的探讨腹茧症的影像特点，提高术前诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的腹茧症6例，术前均进行立位腹部X线平片和腹部CT检查，4例同时行胃肠道钡剂造影，复习其影像表现。结果6例立位腹部X线平片中3例诊断为肠梗阻。4例胃肠道钡剂造影，均可见小肠交错盘绕成团，呈“菜花”状或“手风琴”状表现。6例CT检查，均可见小肠聚集成团，其周围可见膜样的囊状物将其包裹。结论对患者进行胃肠道造影时观察到“菜花”状征象，或CT检查时观察到小肠聚集成团被一层膜样物包裹，应考虑到腹茧症的可能。