喝白开水的神奇效果——《水是最好的药》学习笔记

反射疗法要求足部按摩后半小时内要喝一杯(300～500ml)温开水,我过去的认识是:喝水是为了利尿、出汗,因为按摩促进了血液循环,将许多代谢废物和有害物质送到肺、肾、皮肤,喝水有助于将这些垃圾迅速排出体外,按     

对药代动力学实验的两点改进

通过具体的实验数据，讨论在药代动力学实验中如何加入曲线下面积（AUC）的计算，以帮助学生理解并掌握这一概念；在实验室设置不同剂量组，给药后比较剂量与浓度是否呈等比例关系，以此加深学生对于一级动力学消除及其临床意义的理解。     

群体药代动力学在儿科临床药理学研究中的应用

儿童是一特殊人群，他们的各种生理指标与成人有很大的不同。但在临床实践中，人们往往是参照成人剂量来指导儿童的用药，这严重的威胁着儿童的身体健康，个体化给药方案的建立刻不容缓。在这一方面，群体药代动力学是其强有力的工具。     

Influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation in pigs with intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Moderate hypothermia is one of the effective therapeutic methods for head injury in recent years, there are many mechanisms of moderate hypothermia for brain protection, and its influence on cerebral oxygenation is also one of them. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation of animals with acute intracranial hypertension, and further investigate the protective mechanism of moderate hypothermia. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS: Twenty healthy little pigs, either male or female, weighing 4.5–5.5 kg, were used. Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system (Diametrics Company, British); CMA/100 micro-injection pump (Carnegie Company, Sweden). METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in November, 2001. The pigs were randomized into two groups: the normothermia group (control group, n =10) and moderate hypothermia group (n =10). ① Bilateral femoral arteries were separated, one was connected to pressometer for monitoring mean arterial pressure (MEP), and the other for analysis of blood gases [including peripheral blood pH value, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), HCO3–]. ② Rectal temperature was monitored with mercurial thermometer. ③ Intracranial pressure was monitored using Camino optic ICP probe placed in the subdural space. ④ Neurotrend multiparameter monitoring sensor was inserted into the white matter for about 4 cm to determine cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, CPP=MAP(ICP), brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), HCO3– and brain temperature. The rectal temperature of animals in the moderate hypothermia group was lowered to 34 ℃ using ice bags, and the body temperature was maintained at 33–35 ℃ for 2 hours. The changes of the parameters were observed continuously, and the pigs in the normothermia group were not treated with cooling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP; Indexes of cerebral oxygenation detected with Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system; ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group. RESULTS: All the 20 pigs were involved in the analysis of results. ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP and indexes of cerebral oxygenation: In the moderate hypothermia group, the ICP after cooling was obviously lower than that before cooling [(3.31±1.19), (5.33±0.95) kPa, P < 0.05], CCP was higher, brain tissue PCO2 [(12.03±1.73), (10.59±2.01) kPa, P < 0.05], and brain tissue pH value was higher [(7.03±1.63), (9.40±1.30) kPa, P < 0.05], whereas the brain temperature was decreased as compared with that before cooling [(34.9±0.3), (37.2±0.2) ℃, P < 0.05]. ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group: There were no significant differences in the parameters of peripheral arterial blood gases analysis before and after cooling in the moderate hypothermia group (P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Moderate hypothermia will not impair the cerebral oxygenation, and it can reduce brain tissue CO2 and decrease brain tissue acidosis.     

肾元胶囊对早期糖尿病肾病治疗作用的临床观察

糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy，DN）是糖尿病的主要微血管并发症之一，也是导致慢性肾衰竭的常见原因。其发生首先以微血管的血流动力学变化为起点，继而发生以毛细血管基底膜增厚和系膜基质扩展为特征的肾小球硬化。据欧、美、日本的统计资料表明，目前DN已跃升为终末期肾病（ESRD）的首位原因，占35％左右。近年来，我院应用肾元胶囊对早期糖尿病肾病治疗取得了一定的疗效，现总结报告如下。     

关木通的表现毒代动力学参数的测定

用两次给药的小鼠急性死亡率法测定了关木通水煎剂总成分的表现毒代动力参数。结果：关木通水煎剂为一级动力学消除，一房室模型，t1/2为31．87h,LD50为38.31g/kg。结论：在临床用药时应注意其蓄积性毒性，注意用药时间间隔。     

SH3GL2在无病灶性难治性癫(癎)患者脑组织中的表达

目的:分析无病灶性难治性癫患者脑组织中SH3GL2 mRNA与蛋白的表达水平,探讨可能的发病机制。方法:运用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和Westernblot分别检测10例无病灶性难治性癫患者及10例对照组脑组织SH3GL2 mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果:RT-PCR检测显示,无病灶性难治性癫患者脑组织SH3GL2 mRNA表达的相对水平为(102.23±54.68),对照组为(44.59±17.12),两者差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);Westernblot分析表明,无病灶性难治性癫患者脑组织的SH3GL2蛋白表达相对水平(229.54±89.82)高于对照组(143.88±59.69),两者差异也有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:SH3GL2 mRNA与蛋白表达水平在无病灶性难治性癫患者脑组织中明显增强,提示表达于中枢神经系统的SH3GL2可能在人类难治性癫的发病机制中起了一定作用。     

脑钠素血浆水平增高对脓毒性休克的诊断价值

最近，日本学者进行了一项前瞻性研究，以探索脓毒性休克患者血浆脑钠素（BNP）、房钠素（ANP）水平与患者血流动力学参数、病情严重程度以及预后之间的关系。该研究纳入了22例脓毒性休克患者和20名健康志愿者，在入院当日和人院后1、2和4d采血，采用放射免疫测定法检测血浆BNP和ANP水平，采用热稀释法测量右心房压力、平均肺动脉压、肺动脉楔压和左室每搏功输出指数。