尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性调查

目的 了解近年来医院尿路感染病原菌的种类及对抗生素的耐药状况。方法 统计分析2002-2004年两家医院门诊及住院患者的尿培养与药敏结果。结果 3年间尿培养总计I921例,检出病原菌546株,平均阳性率为28．4％;尿路感染病原菌以大肠埃希氏菌、肠杆菌科和葡萄球菌为主,其中金黄色葡萄球菌所致尿路感染的比例呈逐年上升趋势。在检出病原菌中,革兰阴性菌对第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖甙类抗生素敏感;阳性菌对万古霉索、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁显示较高抗菌活性。结论 尿路感染病原菌的变迁及耐药性的增强是抗生素作用下细菌适应生存的必然结果。针对其耐药机理采取更为准确的检验方法及合理使用抗生素是尿路感染诊断和治疗的有效途径。     

老年人复发性尿路感染长疗程治疗疗效观察

目的 设计一种药物轮换、分期、长疗程的治疗方法,以临床治愈为目标,观察该方法对老年复发性尿路感染患者的疗效.方法 将入选患者分为老年组(年龄≥65岁)30例和非老年组48例,选择数种有效抗生素轮换应用.采用分期治疗方法:(1)治疗期:抗生素按常规剂量应用,直至尿常规正常;(2)巩固期:抗生素减量应用;(3)维持期:抗生素减为每晚1次,维持治疗3个月;(4)观察期:停用抗生素,观察半年.上述各分期如尿常规检查有反复,则转为前一期治疗.结果 78例患者中,治愈69例(88.5%),有效7例(8.9%),无效2例(2.6%).老年组分别为28例、1例、1例;非老年组分别为41例、6例、1例,两组治愈率差异无统计学意义(F=0.469,).老年组与非老年组比较,治愈总疗程[(54.8±16.2)周对(44.5±13.7)周,t=2.8467,P＜0.01]、治疗期[(34.3±15.2)周对(26.2±14.8)局,t=2.2081,P＜0.05]、巩固期[(5.7±2.6)周对(4.1±0.2)周,t=3.9369,P＜0.01]均延长;但两组维持期[(14.8±4.6)周对(14.2±3.1)周]比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.6480,P＞0.05).治疗前后两组血常规、肝肾功能均无明显变化.结论 对老年复发性尿路感染患者采用药物轮换、分期、长疗程治疗,治愈率高;但老年组所需治疗时间比非老年组长.未见影响血常规、肝肾功能等不良反应.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of the drugs alternation multiple stages and long term therapy in elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection.Methods The patients were divided into elderly group (age≥65 years,n=30) and non-elderly group (n=48).The multiple effective antibiotics were selected for alternate use.The treatment included four periods as follows:(1)Treatment period:the regular dose of antibiotic was maintained until the urine routine test result became normal;(2)Consolidation period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced;(3)Maintenance period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced to once every night and the treatment should be kept for three months;(4)Observation period:the patients were observed for six months after withdrawal of antibiotics.During the treatment,if the urine routine test became abnormal repeatedly,the patient should return to the previous treatment period.During the treatment and consolidation period,each medication should be applied for one week alternatively.Results Among 78 patients,69 cases (88.5%) were cured,7 cases (8.9%) were effective,and two cases (2.56%) were invalid.There were 28 cured cases,1 effective case and 1 invalid case in elderly group.The corresponding data were 41,6 and 1 in non-elderly group,respectively.There was no difference in cure rate between the two groups (F= 0.469).Compared with non-elderly group,the overall treatment time [(54.8± 16.2)weeks vs.(44.5± 13.7) weeks,t= 2.8467,P＜0.01],treatment period [( 34.3± 15.2) weeks vs.(26.2±14.8) weeks,t=2.2081,P＜0.05] and consolidation period [(5.7±2.6) weeks vs.(4.1±0.2) weeks,t=3.9369,P＜0.01] were all prolonged in elderly group.But there was no difference in maintenance period [(14.8±4.6) weeks vs.(14.2±3.1) weeks,t=0.6480,P＞0.05].There were no markedly changes in blood routine,liver and kidney function during the course of treatment.Conclusions For the elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,the drugs alternation,multiple stages and long-term treatment has a high cure rate and no adverse effect on blood routine,liver and renal function.     

左氧氟沙星对呼吸道和泌尿道感染常见病原菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的了解左氧氟沙星对呼吸道和泌尿道感染常见病原菌的体外抗菌活性，指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法常规分离培养细菌，用VITEKⅡ全自动细菌鉴定分析仪和API细菌鉴定系统鉴定到种。药敏试验用琼脂平板稀释法检测MIC，按NCCLs规定的标准进行。结果呼吸道和泌尿道感染的标本中分离获得了131株病原菌，常见的为大肠埃希菌、嗜血杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、粪肠球菌等。左氧氟沙星对常见菌株的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）在0．06—64mg／L之间，总的抑菌率为90．1％。结论左氧氟沙星是一种有效的广谱抗菌药物，对呼吸道和泌尿道常见病原菌的抗菌活性较高，可以作为治疗呼吸道和泌尿道感染的一线药物。     

治疗性病的抗生素耐药分析与应对

目的：了解男性性病患者泌尿系统耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）的耐药状况,旨在协助指导临床合理用药。方法：采用美国NCCLS药敏试验纸片扩散法。检测从男性尿道及前列腺液标本中分离的MRS的耐药性。结果：108株葡萄球菌分离出45株MILS菌。占总数41．7％,其中MRSA57．8％,MRCNS42．2％;从药敏结果上看,MRSA、MRCNS菌耐药性强于MSSA、MSCNS菌。结论：葡萄球菌是男性性病合并交叉感染的主要致病菌,耐药性较强,治疗困难;因此应注重性病患者的葡萄球菌感染的检测,合理、有针对性地使用抗生素,减少耐药菌株的产生。对临床合理选用抗生素具有重要意义。     

烟台地区非淋菌性泌尿生殖道炎感染率调查

目的分析烟台地区非淋菌性泌尿生殖道炎（NGU）患者感染情况。方法实时荧光定性PCR。结果NGU总检出率为32％，解脲支原体（UU）阳性检出率显著高于沙眼衣原体（CT）阳性检出率，混合感染占10％，女性UU检出率显著高于男性。结论不同国家、地域NGU感染情况有一定的差异，烟台地区NGU感染仍然占据相当的比例，应引起高度重视；及时进行准确的检测，以辅助临床早期诊断治疗，是降低发病率的关键因素之一。     

尿流式有形成分及干化学分析在尿路感染诊断中的应用评价

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of automated urine formed elements analyzer and/or urine dipstick analyzer for examination of urinary formed elements in screening urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods 148 fresh midstream clear-catch urine samples from the UTI patients and 284 fresh midstream clear-catch urine samples from non-UTI subjects were selected. Bacteria culture was performed for bacterial colony counting and identification. Bacteria counts ( BACT), yeast-like fungus and WBC were performed by UF-looOi automated urine formed elements analyzer. Leukocyte esterase test (LEU) and nitrite test (NIT) were performed by URISYS 2400 urine dipstick analyzer. We evaluated data obtained from urine dipstick analyzer, UF-1000i and combination of UF-1000i with urine dipstick analyzer and the results was compared with those obtained from quantitative bacterial culture. Then we evaluated the sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy. Results Among the 148 patients with UTI, the positive rate of the quantitative bacterial culture was 73.6% (109/148), the positive rate of LEU and NIT detected by dipstick test 26. 4% (39/148).There was significantly statistical difference between bacterial culture and strip test(χ2 = 55.68 ,P < 0. 05 ). The positive rate of urine flow cytometry by UF-1000i with either positive of BACT and WBC was 91.2%(135/148), which was higher than the positive rate of the quantitative bacterial culture. There was significant difference between two methods (χ2 = 14. 70, P < 0. 05 ). The positive rate of anyone positive among BACT, WBC, LEU and NIT was 94. 6% (140/148) when detected with combination of dipstick test and UF-1000i, which was higher than the positive rate of the quantitative bacterial culture. And there was significant difference between two methods (χ2 = 20. 45, P < 0. 05 ). The sensitivity of dipstick test was low (26. 4% ,39/148 ), and specificity was high ( 99. 3%, 282/284 ) . The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of BACT detected by UF-1000i in diagnosing urinary tract infection were 92. 6% ( 137/148 ), 39. 8% ( 113/284 ). 44. 5% ( 137/308 ) and 91.1% ( 113/124 ), respectively. If the dipstick test was combined with UF-1000i, the sensitivity, negative predictive value, specificity, positive predictive value and accuracy were 98.0% ( 145/148 ), 97.1% ( 100/103 ). 35.2% (100/284) ,44. 1% (145/329) and 56. 7% (245/432), respectively. Conclusions The combination of urine dipstick test and automated urine formed elements analyzer UF-1000i plays an important role in early diagnosis of UTI. And it has significant value in diagnosis of UTI, especially for the patients with negative bacterial cultures of urine sample.     

泌尿生殖道支原体、衣原体感染状况及药物分析

目的 调查泌尿生殖道支原体、衣原体感染情况以及支原体对不同药物的体外敏感性.方法 对1 046份泌尿生殖道标本进行支原体培养和衣原体抗原检测,同时对支原体培养阳性标本进行菌落计数和药物敏感试验.结果 1 046份标本中共检出阳性450株,占43.0%;检出支原体254株,其中解脲脲原体(Uu)阳性217株(20.7%),人型支原体(Mh)感染12株(1.1%),Uu与Mh混合感染 25株(2.4%),Uu阳性率与后两者比较差异有极显著性意义(P＜0.01).原始霉素和强力霉素对支原体敏感率高,但混合感染的耐药性(敏感率仅为43.8%)明显升高.结论 泌尿生殖道支原体感染以Uu为主,原始霉素和强力霉素可作为治疗支原体感染非淋菌性尿道(宫颈)炎的首选药物.     

肾盂肾炎患儿尿中分离出一株伦敦沙门菌

<正>沙门菌属(Salmonella)目前属内包括肠道沙门菌(Salmonella enterica)和邦戈沙门菌(Salmonella bongori)2个种。沙门菌主要通过污染食品和水源经口感染,通过消化道传染致病。免疫功能低下的新生儿和患有慢性病或重病的衰弱者及老人易发病。而2013年7月,同济大学附属第十人民医院从1例肾盂肾炎患儿尿中分离出1株伦敦沙门菌(Salmonella London)。曾有报道在患儿血中分离出此菌[1],但在尿中分离出此菌极为少见。     

外周血C反应蛋白及尿微量白蛋白在2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者中的诊断价值

【目的】探讨外周血C反应蛋白（CRP）及尿微量白蛋白（MA）在2型糖尿病（T2DM ）合并尿路感染患者中的诊断价值。【方法】选取T2DM合并尿路感染的患者120例（观察组）,另外选取同期T2DM 非感染患者100例（对照组）,检测两组CRP和M A水平,分析其在T2DM 合并尿路感染患者中的诊断价值。【结果】观察组患者的 CPR 和 M A 水平均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。CRP 敏感度99．17％,特异度83．00％;M A敏感度85．83％,特异度98．00％;CRP＋M A敏感度85．00％,特异度99．00％。【结论】CRP和M A在T2DM合并尿路感染患者中诊断价值高,值得临床推广。     

尿液培养1188株病原菌及其耐药率分析

目的分析尿液细菌培养中病原菌分布与耐药情况,为临床合理选择抗生素提供依据。方法回顾性调查南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院2011年1月至2013年12月门诊及住院患者送检的3 271例尿液标本培养鉴定及药敏试验结果,并进行统计分析。结果 3 271例尿液标本共检出病原菌1 188株,总检出率为36.3%,其中革兰阴性菌799株,占67.3%,以大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性菌257株,占21.6%,以屎肠球菌为主,两者比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);真菌132株,占11.1%,以白色念珠菌为主。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、呋喃妥因及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦有较高的敏感性,耐药率分别为0.4%、6.5%、13.9%,对喹诺酮类耐药率为75.3%⁷7.3%,对青霉素类和β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率为45.9%77.3%,对青霉素类和β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率为45.9%⁹3.4%,超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性的大肠埃希菌223株,占48.3%;屎肠球菌对万古霉素及氯霉素显示有较好的敏感性,耐药率分别为0.0%、11.4%,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均在57.1%93.4%,超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性的大肠埃希菌223株,占48.3%;屎肠球菌对万古霉素及氯霉素显示有较好的敏感性,耐药率分别为0.0%、11.4%,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均在57.1%⁹4.3%;白色念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物敏感性较高,耐药率最高为12.9%。结论泌尿道感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌及白色念珠菌为主,肠杆菌科细菌及肠球菌属对常用抗菌药物喹诺酮类及第三代头孢菌素耐药率较高,应重视泌尿道细菌感染的病原菌培养,加强抗菌药物的合理使用。