小剂量氯胺酮辅助芬太尼静脉自控镇痛用于晚期癌痛治疗

目的观察小剂量氯胺酮辅助芬太尼静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）用于晚期癌痛患者的止痛效果。方法选择49例中、重度晚期癌痛病人,随机分成两组,均以镇痛泵（1 ml/h）行静脉镇痛,Ⅰ组采用芬太尼0.3μg/（kg.h）,Ⅱ组用芬太尼0.2μg/（kg.h）＋氯胺酮70μg/（kg.h）。每种配方中均加入恩丹西酮（枢丹）16 mg、氟哌啶10 mg,并用生理盐水将混合药液稀释至100 ml。分别在安装止痛泵后2、24、48 h采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评估疼痛程度,统计两组不良反应的发生率。结果经治疗,两组病例疼痛基本缓解。Ⅱ组的疼痛评分在各时间点均明显低于Ⅰ组（P〈0.01）,而PCIA按压次数和芬太尼用量明显少于Ⅰ组,恶心呕吐、便秘等副反应Ⅰ组明显高于Ⅱ组,皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制、幻觉发生率两组无统计学差异。Ⅱ组生活总满意度明显高于Ⅰ组。结论小剂量氯胺酮辅助芬太尼静脉自控镇痛用于晚期癌痛,镇痛效果好,副作用小。     

腰硬联合加氯胺酮麻醉在小儿手术中的应用

目的:观察氯胺酮辅助腰-硬联合麻醉用于小儿手术的临床疗效。方法:选择择期手术患儿93例,随机分为观察组50例(腰-硬联合加氯胺酮麻醉组)和对照组43例(氯胺酮静脉复合麻醉)。观察两组患儿麻醉前后平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)的变化及氯胺酮药物剂量、术后清醒时间及不良反应的发生情况。结果:两组MAP、HR、SpO2比较差异无统计学意义,观察组氯胺酮用药剂量、术后清醒时间明显低于对照组(P0.05),不良反应发生率为18.0%(9/50),与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:腰硬联合加氯胺酮麻醉用于小儿手术效果满意,安全性高,是小儿手术的理想麻醉方法。     

瑞芬太尼、氯胺酮合剂在小儿外科手术中的应用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼联合氯胺酮在小儿外科手术中的应用。方法选择60例ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级手术患儿,术前0.5h肌注阿托品0.02 mg/kg,地西泮0.2~0.4 mg/kg,入手术室后静脉注射氯胺酮2 mg/kg,不行气管内插管,面罩吸氧2 L/min。用微量泵输注"氯-瑞"合剂,开始10 min注速5~15 mL/h,随后根据术中情况调节注药速度。结果患儿术中安静入睡,咽喉反射存在,无躁动、喉痉挛及恶心、呕吐,无明显呼吸抑制现象,分泌物很少,镇痛完善。术毕苏醒时间缩短。结论瑞芬太尼联合氯胺酮用于小儿外科手术是一种很好的联合用药方法。     

氯胺酮对婴幼儿体外循环手术患者血浆S-100β和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平影响

目的探讨婴幼儿体外循环手术中氯胺酮对患者血浆S-100β和肿瘤坏死因子-α的影响。方法 30例拟在体外循环下行心内直视手术的先天性心脏病患儿,随机分为氯胺酮组(K组)与对照组(C组),每组15例。K组转流前经中心静脉泵入氯胺酮1 mg/kg;C组给予等量平衡液。分别于转流前和转流完毕时检测血浆S-100β和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平。结果转流前2组S-100β和TNF-α水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);转流后2组S-100β和TNF-α水平均较转流前升高(P<0.05);转流后C组S-100β和TNF-α水平明显高于K组(P<0.05)。结论氯胺酮对体外循环心脏手术诱发的脑损伤中有一定保护作用,其机制可能与抑制内源性炎性因子释放有关。     

氯胺酮、芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉用于乳腺手术

目的探讨丙泊酚、芬太尼联合氯胺酮静脉麻醉在乳腺单切术中的应用效果。方法选取乳腺单切手术患者80例,随机分为两组,各40例。Ⅰ组为单次静推芬太尼、氯胺酮术中泵注丙泊酚,Ⅱ组为单次静推芬太尼术中持续泵注氯胺酮和丙泊酚的复合液。观察麻醉前后无创血压（BP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化程度及氯胺酮用量、术后清醒时间及术中术后不良反应的情况。结果Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组相比苏醒时间明显缩短;Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组术中不良反应及术后并发症也明显减少。结论单次静脉推注氯胺酮、芬太尼术中泵入氯胺酮、丙泊酚复合液是乳腺单切手术麻醉的有效方法。     

鞘内注射氯胺酮对神经病理性痛大鼠吗啡耐受时脊髓背角突触重塑的影响

目的 探讨鞘内注射氯胺酮对神经病理性痛大鼠吗啡耐受时脊髓背角突触重塑的影响.方法 鞘内置管成功的雄性SD大鼠48只,体重200～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为6组(n=8),置管后5 d,神经病理性痛组(NP组)、生理盐水对照组(NS组)、吗啡组(M组)、氯胺酮组(K组)和吗啡+氯胺酮组(MK组)采用背根神经节慢性压迫法制备神经病理性痛模型,假手术组(S组)仅暴露L5椎间孔.背根神经节慢性压迫后1 d NS组鞘内注射0.9%生理盐水20止,M组和K组分别给予吗啡20μg或氯胺酮50μg,MK组给予吗啡20μg+氯胺酮50μg,1次/d,连续14 d.分别于给药前(基础状态)、给药1、3、5、7、9、11、14 d时测定机械缩足阈值(PWT)和热缩足潜伏期(PWL).最后1d给药后立即处死大鼠,取脊髓组织,其中4只采用免疫组织化学方法测定脊髓背角突触数目,另外4只用于测定脊髓背角突触后膜致密物厚度.结果 与S组比较,其余5组PWT降低,PWL缩短,NP组、NS组、M组和K组突触数目和突触后膜致密物厚度增加(P＜0.05);与NP组比较,M组、K组和MK组PWT升高,PWL延长,突触数目和突触后膜致密物厚度降低(P＜0.05);与M组比较,MK组PWT升高,PWL延长,突触数目和突触后膜致密物厚度降低(P＜0.05).结论 鞘内注射氯胺酮可抑制神经病理性痛大鼠吗啡耐受时脊髓背角突触重塑.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine on the synapsis remodeling in the spinal dorsal horn during devolopment of morphine tolerance in a rat model of neuropathic pain (NP). Methods Male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were used in this study. IT catheter was placed in the subarachnoid space according to Yaksh. Forty-eight SD rats in which IT catheter was successfully placed were randomly divided into 6groups (n=8 each): group sham operation (group S); group NP; group normal saline 20 μl IT(group NS);group morphine 20 μg IT (group M); group ketamine 50 μg IT (group K) and group morphine 20 μ g + ketamine 50 μg IT (group MK). NP was induced by compression of right L4,5 dorsal root ganglions with steel wire inserted through L4,5 intervertebral foramen in NP,M,K and MK groups. Normal saline or morphine and/or ketamine were injected IT once a day for consecutive 14 days. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) to mechanical stimulation and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to a thermal nociceptive stimulus were measured on 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 days during the consecutive 14 days of administration. The animals were sacrificed after the final IT administration. The lumbar segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the number of synapsis in the spinal dorsal horn by immuno-histochemistry in 4 animals in each group and observation of synaptic structure remodeling using electron microscope in another 4 animals in each group. Results Compared with group S, PWT was significantly decreased and PWL was shortened in the other 5 groups, and the number of synapsis was significantly increased and the synaptic structure was thickened in NP, NS, M and K groups (P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group NP,PWT was significantly increased and PWL was prolonged in M, K and MK groups, and the number of synapsis was significantly decreased and the thickness of synaptic structure was significantly reduced in group MK ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group M, PWT was significantly increased, PWL was prolonged, the number of synapsis was significantly decreased and the thickness of synaptic structure was significantly reduced in group MK ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion IT ketamine can inhibit the synaptic remodeling in the spinal dorsal horn during development of morphine tolerance in a rat model of NP.     

苯二氮(艹卓)受体在小鼠不同静脉麻醉药遗忘效应中的作用

目的 评价苯二氮(艹卓)受体在小鼠异丙酚、依托咪酯和氯胺酮遗忘效应中的作用.方法 昆明小鼠288只,雌雄各半,体重18～23 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为9组(n=32):生理盐水+生理盐水组(NN组)、生理盐水+脂肪乳组(NF组)、氟马西尼+生理盐水组(FN组)、生理盐水+异丙酚组(NP组)、氟马西尼+异丙酚组(FP组)、生理盐水+依托咪酯组(NE组)、氟马西尼+依托咪酯组(FE组)、生理盐水+氯胺酮组(NK组)和氟马西尼+氯胺酮组(FK组).NN组、NF组、NP组、NE组和NK组于训练前10 min时腹腔注射生理盐水10 ml/kg,于训练前5 min时分别腹腔注射生理盐水10 ml/kg、脂肪乳10 nl/kg、异丙酚25 mg/kg、依托咪酯3 mg/kg和氯胺酮20 mg/kg;FN组、FP组、FE组和FK组于训练前10 min时腹腔注射氟马西尼1 mg/kg,于训练前5 min时分别腹腔注射生理盐水10ml/kg、异丙酚25 mg/kg、依托咪酯3 mg/kg和氯胺酮20 mg/kg.分别采用避暗实验、跳台实验和Morris水迷宫实验测试认知功能.结果 与NN组比较,NF组和FN组认知功能各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),NP组跳台实验潜伏期缩短,NE组跳台实验潜伏期缩短,错误次数增多,NK组跳台实验潜伏期缩短,水迷宫实验潜伏期延长(P＜0.05);与NP组比较,FP组避暗实验潜伏期延长,水迷宫实验潜伏期缩短(p＜0.05);与NE组比较,FE组避暗实验潜伏期延长,避暗实验和跳台实验错误次数减少(P＜0.05);与NK组比较,FK组跳台实验潜伏期延长,水迷宫实验潜伏期缩短(P＜0.05).结论 小鼠异丙酚、依托咪酯和氯胺酮的遗忘效应与激活苯二氮(艹卓)受体有关.     

小剂量氯胺酮对妇科下腹部手术患者七氟醚肺泡气最低有效浓度的影响

Objective To investigate the effects of the low-dose ketamine on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in patients undergoing gynecological abdominal surgery.Methods Fifty-one ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 36-49 yr with body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m2 scheduled for gynecological abdominal surgery were randomly divided into control group (group C, n = 29) and ketamine group (group K, n = 22) . The paitents were unpremedicated. In group K, a loading dose of ketamine 0.2 mg/kg was injected intravenously followed by infusion at a rate of 14 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 , while equal volume of normal saline was given in group C. Anesthesia was induced with inhalation of sevoflurane (end-tidal concentration 4%-5%, maintaining for 5 min) in both groups. Endotracheal intubation was performed. The patients breathed sevoflurane until the predetermined target end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was reached for at least 15 min before skin incision. Occurrence of body movement was determined by any visible contraction of the muscle bundle of trunk, limbs, head and neck during skin incision and/or within 60 s after skin incision. The initial end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was set at 1.8 % .If body movement occurred, the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was increased by 0.2% , while if not, decreased by 0.2% . MACs of sevoflurane were calculated. Results The MAC of sevoflurane was 1.51% (95% confidence interval 1.45%-1.58%) in group K, and 2.49% (95% confidence interval 2.40%-2.57%) in group C, and there was significant difference between the two groups ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Intravenous infusion of the low-dose ketamine can enhance the anesthetic effect of sevoflurane in patients undergoing gynecological abdominal surgery.     

全麻下空气灌肠整复治疗小儿难复性肠套叠

肠套叠是指肠管的一部分及其附着的肠系膜套入邻近远端肠管,造成肠梗阻,是婴幼儿最常见的急腹症之一,病因不是十分清楚,好发于1岁以内的婴幼儿.常规空气灌肠整复成功率约为90%,但过度加压有造成肠穿孔的危险[1],约10%的患儿需手术治疗,但在术中有时发现部分患儿经全麻后肠套叠已自动复位,这表明麻醉后套叠肠管容易复位,再次行空气灌肠复位可以提高复位成功率,避免手术,从而减少手术的创伤及并发症.我院1998年8月～2009年9月对26例常规空气灌肠整复复位失败的难复性患儿,在氯胺酮基础全麻下再次空气灌肠整复,取得较满意疗效,现报道如下.     

亚麻醉剂量氯胺酮-芬太尼辅助小儿区域麻醉临床效果观察

目的观察亚麻醉剂量氯胺酮-芬太尼辅助小儿区域麻醉的效果。方法将择期行腹部、四肢手术的60例患几分为三组,三组均用氯胺酮作基础麻醉,选20例行下肢、腹部手术患儿（A组）采用亚麻醉剂量氯胺酮＋芬太尼辅助椎管内麻醉,选20例行上肢手术患儿（B组）用亚麻醉剂量氯胺酮＋芬太尼辅助神经阻滞麻醉,另20例患儿（C组）单用氯胺酮麻醉,记录三组心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、呼吸频率（RR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、氯胺酮用量和追加次数、芬太尼用量、手术和唤醒时间、肌松状况及不良反应。结果A、B组HR、RR及SpO2水平较C组低,A、B组较C组苏醒时间短、不良反应发生率低、氯胺酮用量及追加次数较少,且肌松、止痛效果良好。结论与传统氯胺酮麻醉相比,亚麻醉剂量氯胺酮-芬太尼辅助小儿区域麻醉效果更好。