酥胆麒麟膏用于痔瘘术后换药的药效学与毒理学研究（二）

本文通过设一个阳性对照组（马应龙鹰香痔疮膏），一个空白对照组（凡士林）及酥胆麒麟膏大、中、小三个剂量组（１０％、２０％、４０％浓度）进行三个方面的实验研究，证实酥胆麒麟膏具有止血、抗菌、生肌长皮等综合作用，局部外用无毒副作用，安全性高。其止血、生肌长皮作用，优于马应龙麝香痔疮膏；抗金葡萄茵的作用与银灰散相同；抗大肠杆菌的作用犹于银灰散。尤其是２０％酥胆麒麟膏的以上多种作用优于１０％浓度的，等效于４０％浓度的，可作为临床使用时的最佳浓度。     

镉对大鼠肾脏和睾丸毒性的比较

大鼠饮水中给镉12wk后,检测了尿低分子蛋白(LMWP)排出量。尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,血清睾酮水平,睾丸乳酸脱氢酶同功酶(LDH-X)活性,精子计数和形态,雄鼠生育力,肾,睾丸和附睾组织镉含量,并在光镜和电镜下观察上述组织的病理变化,从生化,形态和功能改变三方面比较了大鼠肾脏和睾丸对镉的敏感性,发现尿LMWP和ALP仅在高剂量组显著增加,而血清睾酮和睾丸LDH-X在中剂量纽和低剂量纽已明显降低,说明镉对睾丸的有害作用可出现在肾脏之前。     

Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic. It is mainly worn around the eyes in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The elemental composition of twenty-one kohl specimens originating from various parts of Saudi Arabia, India and the Middle East was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The data indicates the presence of significant lead levels in two thirds (14/21) of the kohl specimens ranging from 2.9–100 (mean 48.5). Other less frequent elements present in kohl preparations include aluminum, carbon, iron, titanium, calcium, magnesium, oxygen, silver silicon, sulfur and antimony. Seven kohl specimens were totally lead-free, four had a lead content in the range of 2.9–34.1 and ten had lead levels in excess of 84. Carbon levels in excess of 60 were detected in six kohl samples. Antimony was present in only one kohl specimen at a concentration of 7.8.Five western made eyeliner pencils analyzed for comparative purposes consistently revealed iron as a common constituent (mean 46) but no lead or carbon were detected in these specimens.The findings of this study indicate that modern kohl preparations contain a number of metals derived from natural sources in addition to carbon. The predominance of lead in the kohl preparations tested is of major concern due to the documented adverse effects in humans and the increased susceptibility of children to lead intoxication. Application of lead-containing kohl needs to be considered as a source of lead in evaluating patients with symptoms of lead intoxication in regions where this tradition prevails. The documented toxic effects of lead in humans and the increased sensitivity of children to lead exposure serve to emphasize potential health risks of using traditional lead containing kohl preparations and the need for increased surveillance and regulation of the manufacture of kohl.The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or Department of Defense.     

Species- and sex-specific variations in binding of ochratoxin A by renal proteins in vitro

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in rodents and induces renal fibrosis in pigs. Furthermore, OTA has been associated with the development of renal tumors and nephropathies in humans. Large species- and sex-differences are observed in sensitivity toward OTA-mediated toxicity and carcinogenicity, yet neither the mechanism(s) resulting in OTA toxicity nor the reasons for the observed species- and sex-specificities are known. This paper investigated variations in OTA handling viz binding to renal proteins which could possibly explain the observed differences in OTA susceptibility in vivo and in vitro. The results obtained via a modification of a standard receptor-binding assay demonstrated the presence of at least one homogeneous binding component in renal cortical homogenates from pig, mouse, rat and humans. This component was shown to bind OTA in a specific and saturable manner. A range of compounds selected for their affinity for steroid receptors and/or for various known organic anion transporters were employed in a competition assay to answer the question whether this homogenous OTA binding component represents a steroid-like receptor component or one of the known organic anion transporters of the kidney. Although many of the compounds were able to compete with OTA for protein-binding, the competition patterns displayed a distinct species specificity and did not correspond to the competition patterns associated with presently known organic anion transporters of the kidney in the mouse, rat or human. The data thus suggests the presence of a new organic anion transporter or more likely, a cytosolic binding component of unknown function with high affinity and capacity for OTA binding in humans, rats, mice and possibly pigs.     

二硫化碳对大鼠胚胎发育及血清锌和铜含量影响的研究

本文观察了CS_2对大鼠胚胎发育及血清锌、铜含量的影响。发现胚胎着床前死亡率升高,胎鼠皮下出血、心包淤血及骨骼骨化不金的发生率增高。但无明显的致畸效应。14.1及103.9ng/m~3的CS_2对妊娠大鼠的血清锌、铜含量无明显影响。说明CS_2对大鼠的胚胎毒性与其对妊娠大鼠血清锌、铜含量的影响之间没有关联。     

Effects of Carbamazepine on Murine Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses

Summary: Oral administration of carbamazepine (CBZ)(15, 10, or 5 mg/kg) to mice significantly decreased both humoral and cellular immune responses evaluated by enumeration of direct and indirect plaque-forming spleen cells (PFC) and delayed–type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as compared with those observed in normal control animals. Moreover, spleen T cells obtained from CBZ–treated donor mice were capable of decreasing both PFC and DTH responses of normal spleen cells transferred into lethally irradiated recipient animals. The immunodepressor effect of CBZ was observed even though administration of CBZ induced augmentation of spleen cellularity.     

Nodular hyperplasia surrounding fibrolamellar carcinoma

We report a case of acetaminophen-induced liver necrosis in a 14-year-old girl. At autopsy, a 9 cm subcapsular nodule was present in the right lobe of the liver which showed distinct zonation: a central greyish white area of fibrolamellar carcinoma with a peripheral fleshy, tan-coloured rim ranging from 1 to 2 cm in thickness. This peripheral zone consisted of nodular, hyperplastic parenchyma resembling the changes seen in focal nodular hyperplasia, and stood out from the adjacent necrotic parenchyma. The sparing of this zone from the deleterious effects of acetaminophen provides indirect evidence of a predominantly arterial rather than portal blood supply to this region. The arterial supply was most probably derived from the tumour vasculature and may explain the parenchymal hyperplasia sometimes reported adjacent to a fibrolamellar carcinoma. Awareness of this phenomenon is essential when evaluating a needle biopsy, as sampling of this region may lead to a false negative diagnosis.     

Pollen extracts reduce the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol in mice

Cernitins are preparations obtained from plant pollen which contain numerous compounds of potential biological significance. This work deals with the influence of cernitins upon acute paracetamol toxicity in mice. The survival rate and indices of hepatic injury: aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, bilirubin level in serum, glutathione and cytochrome P-450 content in liver, liver weight, histopathologic picture of the liver and presence of glycogen and lipids in stained liver sections, under different experimental protocols, were determined. It was found that cernitins are able to increase the survival rate of mice and reduce liver injury in acute paracetamol poisoning. Cernitins are more effective when administered after, rather than before, a dose of paracetamol. The possible mechanism through which cernitins may act is discussed.