伊马替尼抑制脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症表型

【目的】探讨伊马替尼（Ima）在体外对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症表型的影响。【方法】RAW264.7细胞在LPS（0.1μg/mL）或/和Ima（1μmol/L,5μmol/L）处理后,通过Q-PCR方法检测细胞因子IL-1β、IL-10、CCL2、iNOS、TNF-α和Arg1的mRNA表达变化;采用Western Blot检测iNOS蛋白表达变化以及NF-κB和MAPK信号通路活化情况;利用ELISA法检测细胞上清IL-1β、CCL2、IL-10和TNFα的蛋白表达情况。【结果】与对照组相比较,LPS刺激8h后,RAW264.7细胞内的炎症指标IL-1β、CCL2、iNOS和TNF-α的mRNA水平显著升高（P<0.001）以及抗炎指标IL-10的mRNA水平也明显升高（P<0.001）;LPS刺激24h后,细胞上清中IL-1β、IL-10、CCL2和TNF-α的蛋白水平显著上升（P<0.001）,细胞内iNOS蛋白表达以及p65,p38,ERK和AKT的磷酸化水平显著增加。和LPS组相比,Ima提前处理后,IL-1β、CCL2、iNOS和TNF-α的mRNA及蛋白水平显著下降（P<0.01,P<0.001）而IL-10的mRNA及蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.001）,这种抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。Ima的预处理抑制了LPS诱导的p65,p38,ERK和AKT磷酸化。单独用Ima处理RAW264.7细胞后,细胞的功能状态未见明显的改变。【结论】伊马替尼可抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症表型,这种作用与抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的过度激活有关。     

Marked bleeding diathesis in patients with platelet dysfunction due to a novel mutation in RASGRP2, encoding CalDAG-GEFI (p.Gly305Asp)

Congenital platelet function disorders are often the result of defects in critical signal transduction pathways required for platelet adhesion and clot formation. Mutations affecting RASGRP2, the gene encoding the Rap GTPase activator, CalDAG-GEFI, give rise to a novel, and rare, group of platelet signal transduction abnormalities. We here report platelet function studies for two brothers (P1 and P2) expressing a novel variant of RASGRP2, CalDAG-GEFI(p.Gly305Asp). P1 and P2 have a lifelong history of bleeding with severe epistaxis successfully treated with platelet transfusions or rFVIIa. Other bleedings include extended hemorrhage from minor wounds. Platelet counts and plasma coagulation were normal, as was αIIbβ3 and GPIb expression on the platelet surface. Aggregation of patients’ platelets was significantly impaired in response to select agonists including ADP, epinephrine, collagen, and calcium ionophore A23187. Integrin αIIbβ3 activation and granule release were also impaired. CalDAG-GEFI protein expression was markedly reduced but not absent. Homology modeling places the Gly305Asp substitution at the GEF-Rap1 interface, suggesting that the mutant protein has very limited catalytic activity. In summary, we here describe a novel mutation in RASGRP2 that affects both expression and function of CalDAG-GEFI and that causes impaired platelet adhesive function and significant bleeding in humans.     

TGF-β3 and IGF-1 synergy ameliorates nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards the nucleus pulposus cell type through MAPK/ERK signaling

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the synergy between transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells (NP-MSCs) and the underlying mechanism using a serum-free culture system. NP-MSC proliferation and viability were measured using a CCK-8 assay and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide, respectively. NP-MSCs in micromasses were investigated for differentiation towards nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). SOX-9, collagen-I, collagen-II, aggrecan and decorin expressions were detected by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Matrix deposition was assessed by sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) analysis. Novel chondrogenic and nucleus pulposus (NP) genes were detected to distinguish differentiated cell types. MAPK/ERK and TGF/Smad signaling pathways were also examined. As a result, the synergy between TGF-β3 and IGF-1 enhanced NP-MSC viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) biosynthesis and differentiation towards NPCs, partly through the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Therefore, the synergy between TGF-β3 and IGF-1 ameliorates NP-MSC viability, differentiation and promotes intervertebral disc regeneration.     

Genetic deregulation of the PIK3CA oncogene in oral cancer

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway is one of the most commonly deregulated pathways in human cancers. PI3K comprises a catalytic (p110α) and regulatory subunit (p85), and p110α is encoded by the PIK3CA gene. Here, we summarize the known genetic alterations, including amplifications and mutations, of the PIK3CA oncogene in oral cancer. We discuss in detail PIK3CA mutations and their mutual exclusivity with pathway genes in addition to the incidence of PIK3CA mutations in relation to ethnicity. We describe the constitutive activation of PI3K signaling, oncogenicity, and the genetic deregulation of the PIK3CA gene and its association with oral cancer disease stage. We emphasize the importance of therapeutically targeting the genetically deregulated PIK3CA oncogene and its signaling. We also discuss the implications of targeting Akt and/or mTOR, which are the downstream effectors of PI3K that may possibly pave the way for molecular therapeutic targets for PIK3CA-driven oral carcinogenesis. Furthermore, this critical review provides a complete picture of the PIK3CA oncogene and its deregulation in oral cancer, which may facilitate early diagnosis and improve prognosis through personalized molecular targeted therapy in oral cancer.     

Structural basis for the constitutive activity and immunomodulatory properties of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor BILF1

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脊髓损伤(SCI)后呼吸运动功能的恢复

 高颈段脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)往往导致膈肌麻痹,了解如何恢复SCI患者膈神经的节律活动至关重要。控制膈运动神经元(phrenic motor neuron,PhMn)的兴奋性前运动神经元主要起源于同侧延髓,因此,当C2脊髓半离断(spinal cord hemisection,SH)后,损伤侧的下行冲动中断,同侧膈神经的节律消失。随后,潜在的对侧下行冲动逐渐增强(神经可塑性),使PhMn的节律性活动恢复。众多证据表明神经营养因子(如脑源性神经营养因子,brain derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)通过原肌球蛋白相关激酶受体(如TrkB)在神经可塑性中发挥重要作用。我们的实验结果表明,在鞘膜内注射BDNF能促进PhMn节律性的恢复,而注射TrkB-Fc(一种可抑制细胞外BDNF的融合蛋白)则延迟恢复。应用腺病毒载体(adeno-associated viral vector,AVV)靶向诱导PhMn中TrkB的表达也可促进PhMn节律性的恢复,而Si-RNA诱导的PhMn中TrkB表达抑制则延缓恢复。总之,增强PhMn的BDNF-TrkB信号通路可能是促进SCI后功能恢复的有效治疗手段。     

Signaling beyond Punching Holes: Modulation of Cellular Responses by Vibrio cholerae Cytolysin

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are a distinct class of membrane-damaging cytolytic proteins that contribute significantly towards the virulence processes employed by various pathogenic bacteria. Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a prominent member of the beta-barrel PFT (beta-PFT) family. It is secreted by most of the pathogenic strains of the intestinal pathogen V. cholerae. Owing to its potent membrane-damaging cell-killing activity, VCC is believed to play critical roles in V. cholerae pathogenesis, particularly in those strains that lack the cholera toxin. Large numbers of studies have explored the mechanistic basis of the cell-killing activity of VCC. Consistent with the beta-PFT mode of action, VCC has been shown to act on the target cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric beta-barrel pores, thereby leading to permeabilization of the target cell membranes. Apart from the pore-formation-induced direct cell-killing action, VCC exhibits the potential to initiate a plethora of signal transduction pathways that may lead to apoptosis, or may act to enhance the cell survival/activation responses, depending on the type of target cells. In this review, we will present a concise view of our current understanding regarding the multiple aspects of these cellular responses, and their underlying signaling mechanisms, evoked by VCC.     

Targeting cancer by binding iron: Dissecting cellular signaling pathways

Newer and more potent therapies are urgently needed to effectively treat advanced cancers that have developed resistance and metastasized. One such strategy is to target cancer cell iron metabolism, which is altered compared to normal cells and may facilitate their rapid proliferation. This is supported by studies reporting the anti-neoplastic activities of the clinically available iron chelators, desferrioxamine and deferasirox. More recently, ligands of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) class have demonstrated potent and selective anti-proliferative activity across multiple cancer-types in vivo, fueling studies aimed at dissecting their molecular mechanisms of action. In the past five years alone, significant advances have been made in understanding how chelators not only modulate cellular iron metabolism, but also multiple signaling pathways implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we discuss recent research on the targeting of iron in cancer cells, with a focus on the novel and potent DpT ligands. Several key studies have revealed that iron chelation can target the AKT, ERK, JNK, p38, STAT3, TGF-β, Wnt and autophagic pathways to subsequently inhibit cellular proliferation, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. These developments emphasize that these novel therapies could be utilized clinically to effectively target cancer.     

Chronic exposure by ingestion of environmentally relevant doses of 226Ra leads to transient growth perturbations in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas,Rafinesque, 1820)

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the impact of environmentally relevant levels of ingested ²²⁶Ra on a common freshwater fish species.

Methods: Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque) were obtained at the first feeding stage and established on a commercial fish food diet containing ²²⁶Ra in the activity range 10 mBq/g^?1, –10,000 mBq/g^?1. They remained on this diet for 24 months and were sampled invasively at 1,6,18 and 24 months to assess growth, biochemical indices and accumulated dose and non-invasively also at 12 and 15 months to assess growth.

Results: Fish fed 10 and 100 mBq/g^?1 diet showed a small transitory deregulation of growth at 6 and 12 months. Fish fed higher activities showed less significant or insignificant effects. There was a trend at 18 months which was stronger at 24 months for the population distribution to change in all of the ²²⁶Ra fed groups so that smaller fish were smaller and bigger fish were bigger than the controls. There were also significant differences in the ratios of protein:DNA at 24 months which were seen as a trend but were not significant at earlier time points.

Conclusions: Fish fed a radium diet for 2 years show a small and transitory growth dysregulation at 6 and 12 months. The effects predominate at the lower activities suggesting hormetic or homeostatic adjustments. There was no effect on growth of exposure to the high activities ²²⁶Ra. This suggests that radium does not have a serious impact on the ecology of the system and the level of radium that would be transferred to humans is very low. The results may be important in the assessment of long-term environmental impacts of ²²⁶Ra exposure.