Guidelines for preventing urinary retention and bladder damage during hospital care

Aims and objectives. To develop evidence‐based guidelines for adult patients in order to prevent urinary retention and to minimise bladder damage and urinary tract infection. Background. Urinary retention causing bladder damage is a well known complication in patients during hospital care. The most common treatment for urinary retention is an indwelling urinary catheter, which causes 80% of hospital‐acquired urinary tract infections. Appropriate use of bladder ultrasonography can reduce the rate of bladder damage as well as the need to use an indwelling urinary catheter. It can also lead to a decrease in the rate of urinary tract infections, a lower risk of spread of multiresistant Gram‐negative bacteria, and lower hospital costs. Design. An expert group was established, and a literature review was performed. Methods. On the basis of literature findings and consensus in the expert group, guidelines for clinical situations were constructed. Results. The main points of the guidelines are the following: identification of risk factors for urinary retention, managing patients at risk of urinary retention, strategies for patients with urinary retention and patient documentation and information. Conclusion. Using literature review and consensus technique based on a multiprofessional group of experts, evidence‐based guidelines have been developed. Although consensus was reached, there are parts of the guidelines where the knowledge is weak. Relevance to clinical practice. These guidelines are designed to be easy to use in clinical work and could be an important step towards minimising bladder damage and hospital‐acquired urinary tract infections and their serious consequences, such as bacteraemia and the spread of multidrug‐resistant bacteria in hospitals.     

温肾固疏方对绝经后骨质疏松大鼠骨代谢以及脂代谢的影响

目的探讨温肾固疏方改善骨质疏松和脂代谢异常的的作用机制。方法将60只大鼠的卵巢全部切除以建立绝经后骨质疏松模型,随机分为对照组(n=20)、雌激素组(n=20)和实验组(n=20)。假去势组(n=20)大鼠仅从卵巢周围切除少量脂肪。干预治疗8周后,采用酶联免疫法测定各组大鼠血清PING、TRACP5b、OPG、BGP的水平;并检测各组大鼠血脂指标。结果与假去势组大鼠比较,对照组大鼠的股骨和股骨近端的BMD明显降低(P0.05);骨代谢指标和脂代谢指标水平均明显恶化(均P0.05)。灌胃治疗后,与对照组比较,雌激素组和实验组大鼠的股骨和股骨近端的骨密度水平明显升高(P0.05),并且两组大鼠的PING、TRACP5b、BGP水平均较显著提高(均P0.05),而OPG水平显著降低(P0.05)。此外,雌激素组和实验组大鼠的脂代谢指标水平均较对照组明显改善(均P0.05)。结论温肾固疏方通过有效提高绝经后骨质疏松大鼠的骨密度,调节骨代谢和脂代谢指标水平,达到改善骨质疏松和调节血脂代谢的效果。     

Nanomedicine for acute respiratory distress syndrome: The latest application,targeting strategy,and rational design

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the severe inflammation and destruction of the lung air–blood barrier, leading to irreversible and substantial respiratory function damage. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been encountered with a high risk of ARDS, underscoring the urgency for exploiting effective therapy. However, proper medications for ARDS are still lacking due to poor pharmacokinetics, non-specific side effects, inability to surmount pulmonary barrier, and inadequate management of heterogeneity. The increased lung permeability in the pathological environment of ARDS may contribute to nanoparticle-mediated passive targeting delivery. Nanomedicine has demonstrated unique advantages in solving the dilemma of ARDS drug therapy, which can address the shortcomings and limitations of traditional anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drug treatment. Through passive, active, or physicochemical targeting, nanocarriers can interact with lung epithelium/endothelium and inflammatory cells to reverse abnormal changes and restore homeostasis of the pulmonary environment, thereby showing good therapeutic activity and reduced toxicity. This article reviews the latest applications of nanomedicine in pre-clinical ARDS therapy, highlights the strategies for targeted treatment of lung inflammation, presents the innovative drug delivery systems, and provides inspiration for strengthening the therapeutic effect of nanomedicine-based treatment.     

Effects of cooking on in vitro sinigrin bioaccessibility,total phenols,antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Botrytis)

Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Botrytis) is a good source of bioactive compounds, such as glucosinolates, phenolic compounds and vitamins. In this study, the effects of some processes (i.e. boiling, steaming) on the sinigrin bioaccessibility as a major glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables after in vitro digestion, also in vitro antimutagenic activities, total phenols and total antioxidant capacities of cauliflower were determined. The sinigrin content was reduced by approximately 9.6% and 29.1% in steamed and boiled cauliflower (p > 0.05), respectively. After in vitro simulated digestion, sinigrin content was decreased by 26.4% in raw samples, increased by 29.5% and 114.7% in steamed and boiled samples, respectively. In all samples, mutagenic effect to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 was not seen. When samples were steamed, phenol content was increased by 14.83%. After boiling total phenol content of cauliflower was decreased by 1.8%. Total antioxidant capacities (TAC) measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were increased by 47% and 39%, respectively (p < 0.05) in steamed samples and decreased by 8% and 7% with boiling, respectively (p > 0.05). TAC in raw sample of cauliflower, which was investigated in phosphomolybdenum assays, was determined as 18.7 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/100 g. In all cases, the highest antioxidant activity was determined in the steamed samples, while the lowest antioxidant activity was in boiled samples.     

中药灌肠治疗胃肠术后腹胀疗效观察

目的观察中药灌肠治疗胃肠术后腹胀的临床疗效。方法 90例胃肠术后腹胀患者随机两组。治疗组采用中药灌肠治疗,对照组口服西沙比利,连续治疗5d后评定疗效。结果治疗组总有效率明显优于对照组(P0.01)。结论中药灌肠治疗胃肠术后腹胀疗效可靠。     

中药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎临床研究

目的：观察中药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎的疗效以及对血清炎症因子水平的影响。方法：102例溃疡性结肠炎患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各51例。对照组给予口服柳氮磺吡啶治疗,每次1．5～2．0 g,每日3次;观察组给予中药保留灌肠治疗,15 d为1个疗程。治疗4个疗程后采用ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）和白介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）的浓度,同时观察两组患者腹痛、腹泻、黏液脓血便、里急后重等症状体征改善情况并结合肠镜检查比较两组患者临床疗效。结果：两组患者治疗后血清TNF-α和IL-6水平较治疗前相比均明显下降（P＜0．05）,但观察组患者下降程度甚于对照组（P＜0．05）。观察组患者各种症状改善率明显优于对照组（P＜0．05）。对照组有效率为84．31％,观察组有效率为96．08％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：中药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎能够显著抑制患者体内炎症因子水平,临床疗效显著。     

乡镇卫生院护理人员工作现状及离职意愿研究

目的:描述乡镇卫生院护理人员工作现状和离职意愿,并分析工作量和工作内容对离职意愿的影响,为改善基层护理工作提出建议。方法:采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,对我国三个省45家乡镇卫生院的167名护理人员进行问卷调查,并深度访谈44名护理人员。结果:深化医改以来,农村基层护理人员工作量增加,62%认为自己的工作量大。护理工作占护理人员平均工作时间的60%;公共卫生服务工作占平均工作时间的21%。30%的被调查者具有离职意愿。在控制省份、工作量、婚姻状况、编制、文化程度和从医年限等混杂因素后,公共卫生服务参与情况与护理人员离职意愿显著相关(P0.05)。结论:医改后乡镇卫生院护理人员工作内容扩展、工作量增加,工作内容的扩展降低了护理人员的离职意愿。