老年轻度认知障碍记忆损害特点的研究

目的探讨老年轻度认知障碍患者的记忆损害特点,比较不同神经心理学测验对诊断和发现轻度认知障碍的敏感性,筛选临床实用的简捷敏感的神经心理学测验工具。方法轻度认知障碍患者20例,轻度阿尔茨海默病患者26例,健康老年人30名。应用词语回忆测验、图片回忆测验、数字广度测验、本顿视觉保持测验C式A法及D式D法进行测试。结果轻度认知障碍组在图片回忆分、视觉保持测验D式D法正确分及持续错误分上的成绩较正常对照组差(P<0．05);轻度认知障碍组视觉保持测验D法成绩明显差于A法(P<0．01)。结论轻度认知障碍患者对具体视觉形象的记忆能力及对无意义图形的视觉记忆能力受损,存在即刻记忆和延迟记忆障碍,且延迟回忆较即刻回忆损害明显,短时记忆更新的可塑性差;图片回忆测试、本顿视觉保持测验的延迟回忆测试或与即刻回忆联合测试有助于轻度认知障碍的早期发现。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留21例临床观察

目的：观察A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留的疗效,不良反应和有效时间。方法：收集21例神经疾病后尿潴留患者,A型肉毒毒素尿道外括约肌注射,记录治疗前后症状,尿流动力学指标,综合评估A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留的疗效,并记录不良反应和有效时间。结果：A型肉毒毒素治疗神经源性尿潴留,患者症状可明显改善,生存质量评分和国际下尿路综合征症状评分明显改善,尿流动力学指标明显改善,未见明显不良反应,疗效可维持（34-1）（1～5）个月。结论：A型肉毒毒素尿道外括约肌注射是一种治疗神经源性尿潴留的有效方法,短期内对部分患者能够显著改善排尿症状,提高生存质量,且未见不良反应。     

连栀矾溶液加锡类散保留灌肠治疗慢性溃疡性直肠炎疗效观察

目的探讨连栀矾溶液加锡类散保留灌肠治疗慢性溃疡性直肠炎的临床疗效。方法72例慢性溃疡性直肠炎患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组36例,治疗组采用连栀矾溶液加锡类散保留灌肠治疗,对照组采用口服柳氮磺吡啶片,庆大霉素、甲硝唑保留灌肠治疗。结果治疗组和对照组临床治愈率分别为61．11％和44．44％,总有效率分别为86．11％和75％,两组病例治疗后治愈率、总有效率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组在改善肛门坠胀感、黏液脓血便等主要临床症状方面优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论连栀矾溶液加锡类散保留灌肠治疗慢性溃疡性直肠炎疗效显著,患者易于接受,值得临床推广应用。     

胸外科手术患者PACU滞留时间延长的多因素分析

目的分析胸外科手术后患者麻醉后监护室(PACU)滞留时间延长(120min)的影响因素。方法回顾性分析495例胸外科手术患者的麻醉复苏记录单,按Logistic回归分析的要求进行量化或赋值,先行单因素回归,筛选有显著差异的各个因素再做多因素非条件回归分析。结果单因素回归分析:年龄60岁(OR=2.411,95%CI 1.592~3.742),ASA分级每增加1级(OR=1.833,95%CI 1.209~2.780),尿量20ml/h(OR=0.173,95%CI 0.065~0.458),术中心血管活性药物使用(OR=1.613,95%CI 1.198~2.173)对患者PACU滞留时间有明显影响。多因素回归分析:年龄60岁(OR=2.322,95%CI 1.448~3.722),术中心血管活性药物使用(OR=1.441,95%CI 1.050~1.976),尿量≤20ml/h(OR=0.139,95%CI 0.049~0.396)为PACU滞留时间延长的独立危险因素。结论胸外科手术患者PACU滞留时间延长的相关因素有年龄60岁、尿量≤20ml/h、术中使用血管活性药物、ASA分级增加。     

Interventions to improve or facilitate linkage to or retention in pre-ART (HIV) care and initiation of ART in low- and middle-income settings – a systematic review

Introduction

Several approaches have been taken to reduce pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) losses between HIV testing and ART initiation in low- and middle-income countries, but a systematic assessment of the evidence has not yet been undertaken. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the potential for interventions to improve or facilitate linkage to or retention in pre-ART care and initiation of ART in low- and middle-income settings.

Methods

An electronic search was conducted on Medline, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science and conference databases to identify studies describing interventions aimed at improving linkage to or retention in pre-ART care or initiation of ART. Additional searches were conducted to identify on-going trials on this topic, and experts in the field were contacted. An assessment of the risk of bias was conducted. Interventions were categorized according to key domains in the existing literature.

Results

A total of 11,129 potentially relevant citations were identified, of which 24 were eligible for inclusion, with the majority (n=21) from sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, 15 on-going trials were identified. The most common interventions described under key domains included: health system interventions (i.e. integration in the setting of antenatal care); patient convenience and accessibility (i.e. point-of-care CD4 count (POC) testing with immediate results, home-based ART initiation); behaviour interventions and peer support (i.e. improved communication, patient referral and education) and incentives (i.e. food support). Several interventions showed favourable outcomes: integration of care and peer supporters increased enrolment into HIV care, medical incentives increased pre-ART retention, POC CD4 testing and food incentives increased completion of ART eligibility screening and ART initiation. Most studies focused on the general adult patient population or pregnant women. The majority of published studies were observational cohort studies, subject to an unclear risk of bias.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that streamlining services to minimize patient visits, providing adequate medical and peer support, and providing incentives may decrease attrition, but the quality of the current evidence base is low. Few studies have investigated combined interventions, or assessed the impact of interventions across the HIV cascade. Results from on-going trials investigating POC CD4 count testing, patient navigation, rapid ART initiation and mobile phone technology may fill the quality of evidence gap. Further high-quality studies on key population groups are required, with interventions informed by previously reported barriers to care.     

加味承气汤保留灌肠联合电针治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻

目的探讨-种安全有效的治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻（EPISBO）的方法.方法：共观察60例EPISBO患者.A组30例,单纯运用西医治疗;B组30例,在西医治疗基础上加用加味承气汤保留灌肠联合电针治疗.结果：A组总有效率86.7%,B组总有效率93.3%,二组患者治疗总有效率差异有统计学意义（P〈 0.05）.A组与B组的平均肠鸣音恢复时间分别为（8.6±2.5）d、（6.5±3.1）d,平均肛门排气时间分别为（9.4±3.5）d、（7.1±3.2）d,B组明显优于A组.B组较A组血WBC、CRP治疗后下降明显, 差异有统计学意义（P〈 0.05）;同时B组较A组血ALB治疗后上升明显（P〈 0.05）.二组血清TNF-α、IL-6治疗后较治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈 0.05）,且B组较A组下降明显（P〈 0.05）;二组血清IL-10治疗后较治疗前上升,且B组较A组上升明显（P〈 0.05）.结论：加味承气汤联合电针治疗EPISBO可缩短疗程,减少促炎因子的释放,促进抗炎因子的分泌,减轻肠壁水肿,减少血浆蛋白的丢失,促进肠功能的恢复,提高疗效,效果显著.     

芒针对脊髓损伤后尿潴留患者的尿动力学影响

目的:探索芒针在治疗脊髓损伤后尿潴留方面的临床意义。方法:2016年1月至2018年6月收治60例脊髓损伤后尿潴留的患者,分为芒针组和毫针组,每组30例,治疗穴位选取秩边和水道。芒针组男23例,女7例,年龄(52±9)岁,治疗予以芒针偶刺双侧穴位,并接电针仪30 min,频率3 Hz,治疗30 min;毫针组男24例,女6例,年龄(56±10)岁,治疗予毫针针刺双侧穴位后,留针30 min;两组的治疗频率都是隔日1次,在治疗2个月后通过分析两组患者达到平衡膀胱的时间、排尿日记、尿动力学指标和尿路感染情况等指标,发掘芒针在治疗该疾病的临床意义。结果:(1)平衡膀胱达到的时间:芒针组(39.5±1.2) d,毫针组(46.5±2.1) d;两组达到平衡膀胱的时间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)两组患者的排尿日记比较,通过组内比较,两组患者治疗后的每日导尿次数、每次导尿量、每日排尿次数、每次排尿量优于治疗前(P0.05);通过组间比较,在治疗后芒针组患者的每日导尿次数、每次导尿量、每日排尿次数、每次排尿量等指标的改善优于毫针组(P0.05)。(3)两组患者的尿路感染改善情况比较:两组患者治疗后尿路感染情况均改善,芒针组的尿路感染改善率优于毫针组(P0.05)。(4)两组患者尿动力学指标的比较:通过组内比较,两组患者治疗后的膀胱容量(VH2O),膀胱压力(pressure vesical,Pves),逼尿肌压力(pressure detrusor,Pdet),平均尿流速(Qave),最大尿流速(Qmax),膀胱顺应性(bladder compliance,BC)等优于治疗前(P0.05);通过组间比较,在治疗后芒针组患者的VH_2O、Pves、Pdet、Qave、Qmax、BC等指标的改善优于毫针组(P0.05)。结论:芒针在改善脊髓损伤后尿潴留患者的排尿状况、尿路感染和尿动力学方面要优于毫针针刺,对提高脊髓损伤后尿潴留患者生活质量具有积极意义,值得在临床上推广应用。     

艾箱灸预防肛肠病术后尿潴留的临床疗效观察

目的探讨采用艾箱灸预防肛肠疾病术后尿潴留的疗效。方法选取2016年10月～2018年5月我院肛肠外科收治的肛肠病患者,随机分为试验组与对照组,试验组在术后1 h予艾箱灸气海、关元、中极穴;对照组采用常规护理方法。观察两组患者术后首次排尿时间、首次排尿后膀胱残余量、术后6 h尿潴留发生率及艾箱灸预防尿潴留的疗效。结果试验组首次排尿时间为(195±55)min,首次排尿后膀胱残余量为(41±12)mL,术后6 h尿潴留发生率为9.54%;对照组首次排尿时间为(256±62)min,首次排尿后膀胱残余量为(156±23)mL,术后6 h尿潴留发生率为38.10%。结论艾箱灸气海、关元、中极穴能促进肛肠病患者术后排尿,缩短自主排尿时间,减少首次排尿后膀胱残余尿量,有效预防术后尿潴留的发生。     

清热化湿中药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎疗效观察

目的 观察中药保留灌肠对溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）的疗效。方法 将60例轻中度UC患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组采用美沙拉秦栓塞肛,观察组采用中药保留灌肠,治疗时间为8周。评价两组临床疗效,比较两组治疗前、治疗4周末、治疗8周末的疾病活动指数（disease activity index,DAI）、Baron内镜评分和Geboes指数,采用中文版炎症性肠病生存质量问卷（inflammatory bowel disease quality questionnaire,IBDQ）评价两组患者治疗前后的生存质量,观察两组恶心、腹胀、腹痛、便次增多等不良反应的发生。结果 观察组临床总有效率（93.3%）高于对照组（73.3%）,但两组临床疗效分布比较,差异无统计学意义（Z=－1.902,P=0.057）。治疗4周末、8周末两组DAI评分均显著降低（P＜0.05）,且观察组显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。广义估计方程分析结果显示,对照组与观察组比较,Baron内镜评分和Geboes指数的优势比（odds ratio,OR）分别为2.12、2.30;治疗8周末与治疗4周末、治疗前比较,Baron内镜评分的OR值分别为63.66、6.50,Geboes指数的OR值分别为33.57、9.45。两组治疗后生存质量评分与治疗前相比,肠道症状、情感能力、社会能力、全身症状4个维度上得分均显著提高,且观察组4个维度评分升高值均显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间,对照组共15例患者出现恶心、腹痛、腹胀、大便次数增多,观察组共5例患者出现恶心、腹痛、大便次数增多,观察组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 中药保留灌肠能有效治疗UC,降低疾病活动指数,改善内镜评分,提高生存质量。     

The retention indices of 201Tl-SPECT in brain tumors

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of 201Tl SPECT in the differential diagnosis of intracranial tumors and to determine the relationship between 201Tl uptake and histological types. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients (19 males and 19 females) with thirty-eight brain tumors were evaluated with 201Tl-SPECT. The early and delayed 201Tl uptake ratio was calculated, and the retention index (RI) was applied as follows; RI = delayed uptake ratio/early uptake ratio. RESULTS: The RI of malignant tumors was higher (0.72 +/- 0.18) than that of benign tumors (0.50 +/- 0.16) and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00045). The difference between high-grade glioma (0.80 +/- 0.15) and metastatic tumors (0.64 +/- 0.19) was statistically significant (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION: 201Tl-SPECT may add useful biochemical information and could differentiate malignant brain tumors from benign lesions, but the RI of metastatic tumors varied depending on the organs with the primary lesion and histological types.