EPOS - 27th Annual Meeting

Over the last 15 years, great improvements in genetic engineering and genetic manipulation strategies have led to significant advances in the understanding of the genetics governing embryological limb development. This field of science continues to develop, and the complex genetic interactions and signalling pathways are still not fully understood. In this review we will discuss the roles of the principle genes involved in the three-dimensional patterning of the developing limb and will discuss how errors in these signalling cascades correlate to congenital limb deformity in humans. This review is aimed at orthopaedic surgeons wishing to understand the principles of congenital limb deformity related to genetic signalling errors. It is by no means a comprehensive study of the molecular genetics governing the complex interactions involved in each step of limb development. There are however many syndromes involving limb deformity for which the molecular causes are unknown.     

Autocrine regulation of glial proliferation and differentiation: The induction of cytodifferentiation of postmitotic normal glioblast by growth-promoting factor from astrocytoma cell

A growth-promoting factor (GPF) from astrocytoma cells (GA-1) cultured in serum-free medium (N2) exerted on normal glioblasts proliferative and differentiation-promoting effects, which have been observed in glia maturation factor (GMF) stimulation. The serum-free conditioned media of GA-1 provoked DNA synthesis of glioblasts, and subsequently elicited a morphological differentiation characterized by the extrusion of processes as well as biochemical changes including an increased cellular level of glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFA protein), S-100 protein, and α-enolase. The transforming growth factor activity was also found in the media. Partially purified GPF had a molecular weight range of 7100–10,000 M_r and acidic isoelectric point (pH 4.6), and showed a susceptibility to heat treatment and denaturation at low and high pHs. The present results and the findings accumulated from our previous studies on gliotrophic growth factors provide a general concept of the growth and differentiation regulations of normal or neoplastic glial cells by growth factors through autocrine systems.     

Rat astrocytes express interferon-γ immunoreactivity in normal optic nerve and after nerve transection

Astrocytes are pivotal components of immune reactions in the CNS. We further support this notion by the localization of the lymphokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which plays an important role during immune responses, to astrocytes in rat optic nerve (ON). Astrocytes identified by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity were IFN-γ positive in normal and transected ON while oligodendrocytes did not express IFN-γ immunoreactivity. These findings indicate that astrocytes can generate important signals which orchestrate immunoinflammatory responses in the brain.     

欧美网上药店管制比较与借鉴

目的:为完善和规范我国的网上药店管制提供借鉴。方法:研究美国及欧洲各国网上药店管制特点,了解其管制模式、管制范围、管制手段,比较分析我国现存的问题。结果与结论:我国网上药店管制应解决政府管制与行业自律、国内管制与国际合作、药房管制与消费者教育等方面的问题。     

The interaction between endogenous opioid peptides and GABA in lower brain stem

Summary The interaction between endogenous opioid peptides and GABA in lower brain stem in cardiovascular regulation was investigated. The results of our experiments suggested that endogenous opioid peptides and GABA in lower brain stem can reinforce each other in their inhibitory effect on blood pressure, but the mechanism of the interaction remains to be elucidated.     

The effect of norepinephrine on endotoxin-mediated macrophage activation

The effect of norepinephrine (NE) on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by rat spleen macrophages was determined. Following activation with lipopolysaccharide, analysis of both secreted and cell-associated samples showed that TNF activity was significantly suppressed in the presence of 10 microM NE. With the addition of the beta-receptor antagonist propranolol a partial reversal of the suppressive effect of NE was noted whereas the addition of the mixed alpha-receptor antagonist phentolamine induced a more pronounced suppressive effect in the supernatant fraction. Similar results were obtained with epinephrine and isoproterenol. Control experiments confirmed that this effect of NE was mediated at the level of macrophage activation. Analysis of lymphocyte activating factors demonstrated a similar pattern of response. Since factors released by macrophages participate in many aspects of the immune response, these results support a functional role for sympathetic innervation of the spleen in immune regulation.     

小鼠神经细胞p35^nck5a基因5‘非编码区基因表达调控功能初步研究

目的：观察阿尔茨海默病（AD）的相关基因p35^nck5a基因5‘侧翼区指导报告基因表达的能力。方法：将对本实验室所克隆的p35^nck5a基因5‘侧翼片段连接于报告基因β-半乳糖苷酶基因的上游构建表达载体，利用体外培养细胞和转基因小鼠实验体系来观察该片段在体内，外基因表达调控的差异。结果：体外培养细胞中p35^nck5a基因5‘侧翼序列不具有决定报告基因神经特异性表达的能力，但在基因组中整合有相同表达载体的转基因小鼠体内却能够指导报告基因的神经限制性表达。结论：这种差异提示进行体内，外研究是揭示基因的组织特异性表达分子机制的必要手段。     

A Multi-Part Model Approach to Examining Medicaid Payment Methods and Nursing Home Quality

The incentive to provide nursing home quality depends, in part, on whether the state Medicaid reimbursement system is prospective or retrospective in nature. This paper examines the effect of state-level Medicaid reimbursement methods on the provision of quality in the context of bed constraint regulations that may influence market tightness. A three-part estimation strategy is constructed around the idea that a change in the Medicaid reimbursement method may affect both a facility's payer mix and the provision of quality. Across a range of quality measures, this multi-part model did not show nursing home quality to be significantly higher under a retrospective reimbursement system as compared with a prospective-based system of reimbursement. This finding holds regardless of whether the analysis was isolated to those markets with the tightest supply of beds or those homes that care for predominantly Medicaid residents.     

益气养血补肾法合康力龙治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床研究

目的观察益气养血补肾法治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床疗效.方法用益气养血补肾法合康力龙治疗重型再生障碍性贫血33例,观察治疗后患者临床表现、血常规等指标的变化.结果治疗后证候学积分较疗前有显著性下降(P<0.01),在改善症状方面有效率为90.91%,临床疗效总有效率88.24%,患者的血色素从疗后第6个月开始较疗前升高(P<0.01),白细胞计数比疗前升高(P＜0.05),疗后网织红细胞计数较疗前有显著性升高(P<0.01).结论益气养血补肾法合康力龙对重型再生障碍性贫血患者有较好的临床疗效.