SIRT1与眼科疾病的研究进展

沉默信息调节因子相关酶1(sirtuin type1,SIRT1)是一种细胞代谢辅酶NAD⁺依赖的Ⅲ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶,通过转录调控,参与基因转录、能量代谢以及细胞衰老过程的调节,具有延长生物寿命和延缓多种年龄相关性疾病发展的作用,在抗衰老研究领域备受关注。近年的研究显示SIRT1在眼科多种疾病的发病机制中占有重要的地位,尤其是眼表疾病、青光眼、白内障、葡萄膜炎以及眼底病等,针对SIRT1活性的促进可能成为眼科新型药物的治疗靶点。本文将对SIRT1与眼科疾病的研究报道进行综述。     

家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变的临床研究

目的：了解家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变(familial exudative vitreoretinopathy,FEVR)的发病状况,探讨足月产儿眼病筛查的必要性。

方法：回顾分析2014-01/2015-08我院772例1544眼足月产儿眼底检查的资料。

结果：足月产儿772例1 544眼中,发现各期FEVR共8例15眼,检出率0.97%; 包括1期2例2眼,2期3例5眼(含1期1例另1眼),3期2例4眼,4期1例2眼,5期1例2眼。

结论：家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变在新生儿眼病筛查中并不少见,甚至病情严重者在婴儿期就丧失视功能。新生儿期和婴儿期是FEVR筛查的关键时间点,早期发现、早期干预是FEVR患者获得较好视功能的关键。     

宫腔镜输卵管近端栓塞术在体外受精-胚胎移植前预处理输卵管积水中的应用

输卵管积水发病率高,其不仅对育龄期妇女的生育力造成损害,还严重影响体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的结果。如何在IVF-ET前妥善处理输卵管积水一直是临床治疗的难题。目前国际上尚缺乏相关的治疗指南。经典输卵管积水预处理方法主要包括经阴道输卵管积水抽吸术、输卵管切除术、输卵管近端结扎术、输卵管远端造口术以及输卵管栓塞术等。通过检索近年有关IVF-ET前输卵管积水预处理的相关文献,探讨临床常用输卵管积水预处理方法各自优缺点的同时,着重介绍宫腔镜下输卵管近端栓塞术的具体内容及作用机制,并分析该方法的可行性及安全性。近年国外多篇文献报道证实该方法效果良好。现行几种输卵管积水预处理方法的优劣目前尚无定论,宫腔镜下输卵管栓塞术作为一种新的方法,具有适应证广、有效、微创、简单经济、无放射损伤等优点,值得临床推广。     

Enhancing health policymakers' information literacy knowledge and skill for policymaking on control of infectious diseases of poverty in Nigeria

Background

In Nigeria, one of the major challenges associated with evidence-to-policy link in the control of infectious diseases of poverty (IDP), is deficient information literacy knowledge and skill among policymakers. There is need for policymakers to acquire the skill to discover relevant information, accurately evaluate retrieved information and to apply it correctly.

Objectives

To use information literacy tool of International Network for Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) to enhance policymakers'' knowledge and skill for policymaking on control of IDP in Nigeria.

Methods

Modified "before and after" intervention study design was used in which outcomes were measured on target participants both before the intervention is implemented and after. This study was conducted in Ebonyi State, south-eastern Nigeria and participants were career health policy makers. A two-day health-policy information literacy training workshop was organized to enhance participants" information literacy capacity. Topics covered included: introduction to information literacy; defining information problem; searching for information online; evaluating information; science information; knowledge sharing interviews; and training skills.

Results

A total of 52 policymakers attended the workshop. The pre-workshop mean rating (MNR) of knowledge and capacity for information literacy ranged from 2.15-2.97, while the post-workshop MNR ranged from 3.34-3.64 on 4-point scale. The percentage increase in MNR of knowledge and capacity at the end of the workshop ranged from 22.6%-55.3%.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that through information literacy training workshop policy makers can acquire the knowledge and skill to identify, capture and share the right kind of information in the right contexts to influence relevant action or a policy decision.     

Low Systolic Blood Pressure and Mortality From All Causes and Vascular Diseases Among Older Middle-aged Men: Korean Veterans Health Study

Objectives:

Recently, low systolic blood pressure (SBP) was found to be associated with an increased risk of death from vascular diseases in a rural elderly population in Korea. However, evidence on the association between low SBP and vascular diseases is scarce. The aim of this study was to prospectively examine the association between low SBP and mortality from all causes and vascular diseases in older middle-aged Korean men.

Methods:

From 2004 to 2010, 94 085 Korean Vietnam War veterans were followed-up for deaths. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model. A stratified analysis was conducted by age at enrollment. SBP was self-reported by a postal survey in 2004.

Results:

Among the participants aged 60 and older, the lowest SBP (<90 mmHg) category had an elevated aHR for mortality from all causes (aHR, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 3.1) and vascular diseases (International Classification of Disease, 10th revision, I00-I99; aHR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 8.4) compared to those with an SBP of 100 to 119 mmHg. Those with an SBP below 80 mmHg (aHR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 18.8) and those with an SBP of 80 to 89 mmHg (aHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 0.9 to 10.2) also had an increased risk of vascular mortality, compared to those with an SBP of 90 to 119 mmHg. This association was sustained when excluding the first two years of follow-up or preexisting vascular diseases. In men younger than 60 years, the association of low SBP was weaker than that in those aged 60 years or older.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that low SBP (<90 mmHg) may increase vascular mortality in Korean men aged 60 years or older.     

Feasibility of Recruiting Families into a Heart Disease Prevention Program Based on Dietary Patterns

Offspring of parents with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) inherit a similar genetic profile and share diet and lifestyle behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of recruiting families at risk of CVD to a dietary prevention program, determine the changes in diet achieved, and program acceptability. Families were recruited into a pilot parallel group randomized controlled trial consisting of a three month evidence-based dietary intervention, based on the Mediterranean and Portfolio diets. Feasibility was assessed by recruitment and retention rates, change in diet by food frequency questionnaire, and program acceptability by qualitative interviews and program evaluation. Twenty one families were enrolled over 16 months, with fourteen families (n = 42 individuals) completing the study. Post-program dietary changes in the intervention group included small daily increases in vegetable serves (0.8 ± 1.3) and reduced usage of full-fat milk (−21%), cheese (−12%) and meat products (−17%). Qualitative interviews highlighted beneficial changes in food purchasing habits. Future studies need more effective methods of recruitment to engage families in the intervention. Once engaged, families made small incremental improvements in their diets. Evaluation indicated that feedback on diet and CVD risk factors, dietetic counselling and the resources provided were appropriate for a program of this type.     

Antibacterial Effects of Cinnamon: From Farm to Food,Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries

Herbs and spices have been used since ancient times, because of their antimicrobial properties increasing the safety and shelf life of food products by acting against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. Plants have historically been used in traditional medicine as sources of natural antimicrobial substances for the treatment of infectious disease. Therefore, much attention has been paid to medicinal plants as a source of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Moreover, due to the growing demand for preservative-free cosmetics, herbal extracts with antimicrobial activity have recently been used in the cosmetic industry to reduce the risk of allergies connected to the presence of methylparabens. Some species belonging to the genus Cinnamomum, commonly used as spices, contain many antibacterial compounds. This paper reviews the literature published over the last five years regarding the antibacterial effects of cinnamon. In addition, a brief summary of the history, traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and clinical impact of cinnamon is provided.     

Do Fructose-Containing Sugars Lead to Adverse Health Consequences? Results of Recent Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses

Sugars have replaced fat as the dominant public health nutrition concern. A fructose-centric view of cardiometabolic disease has emerged whereby fructose-containing sugars are thought to have deleterious effects on body weight, fasting and postprandial blood lipids, glycemia, blood pressure, uric acid, and markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Long-term prospective cohort studies have not supported these associations when assessing the relation between total fructose-containing sugars at any amount of intake and incident cardiometabolic disease. Conversely, a consistent signal for harm has been reported for sugary beverages when comparing the highest with the lowest intakes. These associations, however, do not hold at moderate intakes, which are more reflective of real-world intakes, are subject to important collinearity effects, and have small risk estimates with modest population-attributable risk fractions. Higher-level evidence from controlled feeding trials shows that fructose-containing sugars in either liquid or solid form have adverse cardiometabolic effects only when they supplement diets with excess calories compared with the same diets without the excess calories. In the absence of harm when fructose-containing sugars are exchanged for other sources of carbohydrate under energy-matched conditions, excess calories appear to be the dominant consideration. Like with the earlier fat story, it is difficult to separate the contribution of fructose-containing sugars from that of other sources of excess calories in the epidemic of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Attention needs to remain focused on reducing the overconsumption of all caloric foods associated with obesity and cardiometabolic disease, including sugary beverages and foods, and promoting greater physical activity.