Early childhood teachers' preparation and the quality of program outcomes

The issue of the preparation of effective teachers becomes more critical for teachers of early childhood programs. It has been hypothesized that better program quality depends on better-educated teachers. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the importance of a high level of education for all early childhood education teachers. This issue has intrigued early childhood researchers and has prompted a large amount of research studies over the past decades. In order to assess the status of this line of inquiry and to provide guidance for future research, a critical analysis of 40 studies on the preparation of early childhood education teachers and the quality of their educational programs that were published within a 15-year (1989-2004) period is presented here. The analysis consisted of literal and allegorical critical analysis and interpretative critical analyses, which generated results in three main areas that focused on the professional development of the teachers, including teachers' professional development, the importance of a Bachelor's Degree and educational standards for early childhood education teachers.     

头孢呋辛酯制备工艺的改进

以头孢呋辛钠为原料，从制备（R，S）-乙酸1-溴乙酯开始。经酯化反应的溶剂沉淀过程无须分离直接制得高纯度非晶型的头孢呋辛酯。本制备方法简便，适于工为化生产。     

View ordering for magnetization prepared steady state free precession acquisition: application in contrast-enhanced MR angiography.

Magnetization prepared segmented acquisition requires a view order that maximizes signal contrast during the acquisition of the central portion of k-space. Steady state free precession (SSFP) acquisition further requires a view order that minimizes changes in phase-encoding gradients from one repetition to the next in order to minimize eddy current artifacts. In this article, optimal view ordering schemes satisfying these two requirements are formulated and applied to inversion prepared 3D SSFP contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA). Experiments on phantoms and pigs demonstrated improved background suppression and reduced image artifacts.     

3—氯—4—氟苯胺的生产与研究概况

评述了3-氯-4-氟苯胺的实验室研究和工业生产现状,特别对氯化、硝化、氟化和还原等反应中间体的制备及其质量作了分析。     

Water imbibition in the rat prostate during castration-induced regression

The present study was conducted to examine changes in water concentration in the ventral prostate of adult rats at different intervals following castration. The prostatic dry weight was obtained by drying the fresh prostate at 70 degrees C for at least 110 hr and the prostatic water content was calculated from its wet and dry weight. Under normal conditions, the prostatic water concentration ranges from 81.9 to 82.7% in uncastrated rats. The prostatic water concentration started to increase at 8 hr postcastration (83.1%) but this increase was not statistically significant. By 16 hr postcastration, the prostatic water concentration (83.8%) became significantly higher than that of the uncastrated animals. In rats of day 1 to day 10 postcastration, the prostate contained significantly more water (84.4%-84.7%) than those in uncastrated animals. By day 21 postcastration, the prostatic water concentration (81.5%) was not significantly different from that of uncastrated rats. Unlike the prostate, the skeletal muscle did not significantly change the water concentration following castration. The 51Cr-EDTA space in the prostate was not significantly different in rats before and after castration. These results indicate that water imbibition in the rat prostate is associated with an active period of prostatic regression and that the change in the 51Cr-EDTA space during prostatic regression is not the major cause of water imbibition in the tissue. Therefore, the present findings suggest that castration-induced water imbibition in the rat prostate is caused by an increase in the intracellular water space.     

Changes in hepatic lymph vessels in endotoxaemia.

This study was undertaken into rats to investigate changes in the hepatic lymph vessels and the space of Disse in endotoxaemia and to examine their relationship with the development of endotoxin-induced hepatic injury. Lymph stasis, namely dilatation of the lymph vessels and oedema, developed rapidly in the medium-sized portal canals, the large portal canals, and the liver hilum after endotoxin injection, but not in the small portal canals. Such changes reached their maximum 4-8 h after endotoxin injection and had recovered markedly by 16 h after the injection. The space of Disse remained within normal limits during this period. These findings suggest that the intrahepatic lymph stasis in endotoxaemia may be caused by a reduction in the pumping activity of the extrahepatic and the intrahepatic large lymph vessels rather than by an increase of lymph formation in the liver lobules. There was no evidence suggesting a direct relationship between the disturbance of hepatic lymph flow and the development of hepatic injury in endotoxaemia.     

A comparative study on therapeutic method of traumatic epidural hematoma

Objective： To explore the therapeutic methods, surgical indications and clinical practice of minimally invasive surgery on traumatic epidural hematoma （EDH）. Methods： Retrospective study was made on 135 patients with traumatic EDH admitted into our hospital from June 2002 to August 2005. Sixty-five patients were treated with mini-invasive negative pressure drainage （treatment group）, 70 patients with comparable condition used traditional craniotomy （control group ）. The mean time of operation, average days in hospital, expenditure and prognosis of two groups were recorded and analyzed. Results： There was no significant difference in therapeutic efficacy between two groups. Patients in treatment group had a shorter hospital stay and less expenditure than those in control group. Conclusion： Mini-invasive negative pressure drainage is simple, effective, economical and applicable to some traumatic EDH patients.     

Post‐traumatic reactions among rescue personnel 96 hours after the Hilton Hotel bombing in Sinai: The effect of previous exposure

This paper considers the immediate post‐traumatic reactions of rescue personnel who were exposed to the Hilton Hotel bombing in Sinai. The entire rescue personnel (n = 26) were assessed and separated into two groups on the basis of previous exposure to the same type of trauma. The results suggest that among rescue personnel, those with previous exposure had a lower level of post‐traumatic symptoms than those who were being exposed for the first time. This supports the hypothesis that previous exposure to the same type of trauma has an immunizing effect for subsequent same type of traumatic event among rescue personnel. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Spascupreel versus hyoscine butylbromide for gastrointestinal cramps in children

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal spasms and cramps are common in children as well as in adults. Alternative medical practices such as chiropractice and homeopathy are becoming increasingly popular in Europe and the USA. The effectiveness and tolerability of the homeopathic preparation Spascupreel was compared with that of hyoscine butylbromide treatment in children <12 years of age. METHODS: An observational cohort study in 204 children <12 years was conducted over a 1 week treatment period. The efficacy of the respective therapies were evaluated on the effect on severity of spasms and clinical symptoms (pain/cramps, sleep disturbances, distress, eating or drinking difficulties and frequent crying). Compliance was evaluated on a four-point scale from 'very good' to 'low'. Evaluation was done by the practitioner based on information given by the patient or minder. RESULTS: The analysis showed comparative improvements with the homeopathic preparation and hyoscine butylbromide therapy on severity of spasms, pain/cramps, sleep disturbances, eating or drinking difficulties, and frequent crying, all as evaluated by the practitioner. Both treatments were very well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: For patients opting for a homeopathic therapy, Spascupreel seems to be an effective and well tolerated alternative to conventional therapies in children suffering from gastrointestinal spasms.     

An investigation into the information obtained by patients undergoing gastroscopy investigations

? The benefits of informing patients before undergoing surgery or other investigative procedures are clearly demonstrated in the literature. ? This study aimed to determine the amount and type of information given to patients before, during and after undergoing gastroscopy investigations. ? A survey approach incorporating structured interviews and structured observation was utilized. ? There were statistically significant differences between the information acquired by younger and older patients prior to, but not during or after, the procedure. ? Nurses appear to be the most important source of information for older patients while the information leaflet was perceived as the most important source of information for younger patients.