纵断体层摄影在膝关节前后十字韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折诊断中的应用

对膝关节前后十字韧带胫骨止点骨折，常因关节周围骨骼影像重叠使其显影不清而影响诊断。通过11例该类损伤患者的X线平片及纵断作层片的分析比较，认为纵断体层摄影可清晰显示关节内骨折的形状、大小、范围，获得完整的骨折分层像，从而有利于临床分型，对骨折的诊断及指导治疗有较大的应用价值。     

Diagnosis of pneumothorax in critically ill adults

The diagnosis of pneumothorax is established from the patients' history, physical examination and, where possible, by radiological investigations. Adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and trauma are important predictors of pneumothorax, as are various practical procedures including mechanical ventilation, central line insertion, and surgical procedures in the thorax, head, and neck and abdomen. Examination should include an inspection of the ventilator observations and chest drainage systems as well as the patient's cardiovascular and respiratory systems.Radiological diagnosis is normally confined to plain frontal radiographs in the critically ill patient, although lateral images and computed tomography are also important. Situations are described where an abnormal lucency or an apparent lung edge may be confused with a pneumothorax. These may arise from outside the thoracic cavity or from lung abnormalities or abdominal viscera inside the chest.     

佝偻病简易诊断与骨X线及实验性诊断的相关性

目的 探讨婴幼儿佝偻病的简易诊断与骨X线、实验性诊断的相关性。方法 对简易诊断为佝偻病的166例小儿全部作骨X线、骨碱性磷酸酶（BALP）,血生化检查。结果 经骨X线确诊为佝偻病78例（47．0％）。BALP检测结果与X线检查结果符合率最高。夜惊、多汗、乒乓头、枕秃在佝偻病患儿中发生率较高。结论 简易诊断具有一定的实用价值,可应用于我国基层卫生机构,若有条件应用骨X线、BALP、血生化测定则可提高佝偻病诊断的准确性。     

穿透性胃溃疡恶变12例影像学分析

目的提高对穿透性胃溃疡恶变的影像学诊断及鉴别诊断的认识。方法经手术病理证实的12例穿透性胃溃疡恶变病例，均行胃钡餐造影，10例加行CT扫描。结果胃钡餐造影出现深大龛影12例，其中腔外龛影10例，部分腔内龛影2例，出现穿孔2例。CT见胃壁增厚8例，胃内软组织块影2例，胃外软组织块影2例，腹腔、肝门、腹膜后淋巴结肿大6例。结论胃钡餐造影对穿透性胃溃疡有良好的显示，还可以发现CT显示不理想的胃黏膜面，对估计病变的范围和溃疡、穿孔方面优于CT。但CT能清楚观察胃壁的厚度、胃外肿块、与周围脏器的关系以及胃外有无淋巴结肿大，能对判断穿透性胃溃疡有无恶变等提供更多准确的信息。     

Abnormalities on chest radiographs following radiation therapy for breast cancer

The aim of this study was to study pulmonary radiological abnormalities with chest radiography following different radiotherapy (RT) techniques for breast cancer with respect to regions and density, and their association with pulmonary complications and reduction in vital capacity (VC). Chest radiographs were performed 5 months following local or loco-regional RT in 167 breast cancer patients. The radiological abnormalities were analysed with a classification system originally proposed by Arriagada and evaluated according to increasing density (0–3) and affected lung regions (apical–lateral, basal–lateral, central–parahilar). The highest-density grades in each region were added together to form scores ranging from 0 to 9. The patients were monitored for RT-induced pulmonary complications. The VC was measured prior to and 5 months following RT. An independent evaluation of 51 patients was performed by a second radiologist to control the reproducibility of the classification system. Increasing scores were associated with loco-regional RT and pulmonary complications (P < 0.001). The mean reduction of VC for patients scoring 0–3 (–30 ml) vs 4–9 (–161 ml) was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). Scores of 4–9 were more frequently observed in older patients (P < 0.001). The independent evaluations by two radiologists revealed good agreement (P < 0.001) and no systematic inter-observer variation. Radiological abnormalities on chest radiographs, scored according to Arriagada, can be used as an objective end point for RT-induced pulmonary side effects in breast cancer. Received: 4 February 1999; Revision received: 1 April 1999; Accepted: 5 May 1999     

创伤性膈疝的X线与CT诊断分析

目的分析X线与CT在创伤性膈疝中的诊断价值及影像特点。方法对经X线、CT检查的35例创伤性膈疝患者(经手术证实)进行回顾性分析。结果①创伤性膈疝多发生于左侧膈肌,该组病例中X线与CT对该病的诊断符合率分别为68.6%和100%。②CT不仅可以明确诊断膈疝,还可判断膈破裂口的位置、大小、疝入物内容。③判断多脏器复合受损情况:CT在诊断肺挫裂伤方面与X线无显著性差异(P>0.05);CT在诊断液气胸、腹腔积液方面明显优于X线(分别为P<0.01,P<0.05);X线在诊断肋骨骨折方面明显优于CT(P<0.01);X线对肝、脾、脑、肾等实质性脏器的损伤方面无诊断价值。结论X线、CT在诊断创伤性膈疝中有着极其重要的作用,且CT是一种更敏感的检查方法,对创伤性膈疝的早期诊断及治疗、挽救患者生命有重大的意义。     

乳腺癌的CT和钼靶摄影分析

目的 探讨CT和钼靶摄影在诊断乳腺癌中的价值。方法 收集23例乳腺癌，均为术后病理证实。钼靶采用美国GE公司Senographe2000D全数字化乳腺X线摄影机进行头尾位和中侧斜位进行双乳摄影，必要时加照中侧位和局部点压放大及其他特殊体位摄影。CT采用snmalom AR．SP螺旋CT机进行平扫和增强扫描，扫描范围从腋窝顶部至乳房下界。23例全部采用增强扫描，分别在注射造影剂100ml后30s、60s、90s时进行动脉相、静脉相、延迟相哪扫描，病人采用俯卧位，上胸及腹部垫高，使乳房自然下垂，双前臂交叉放在头上。结果 钼靶对乳腺癌诊断率为78．3％，钼靶和CT结合达到91．3％。在显示病变与周围组织的关系、腋窝淋巴结、观察病变的血流动力学改变及小而致密的乳腺或贴近胸壁的病变，CT优于钼靶。对微小钙化的显示，钼靶比CT敏感。结论 临床可疑乳腺癌病例先进行钼靶摄影，必要时进行叫增强扫描，二者结合可明显提高诊断率。     

CR与DR应用价值探讨

通过对CR与DR的原理分析、主要参数比较、操作使用比较、软件功能比较、设备发展前景比较以及作者通过数年的CR、DR使用经验认为：CR目前在中小型医院仍不失为较方便的数字摄影过渡设备,但医院达到大于100人/日的规模时,则必须以DR为主要摄影设备,CR只能作为辅助摄影设备.     

管电压对胸部DR影像质量的影响

目的 研究有效剂量相等条件下不同管电压对胸部DR图像质量的影响。方法 48例病人在90kV、125kV、150kV分别摄取后前位胸片，未经任何处理打印片子，五位资深放射专家采用五分法独立打分评估影像质量；采用Monte—Carlo转换因子估算有效剂量ED（mSv）。结果 绝大多数解剖结构在90千伏时得分最高（平均得分3．10），除了在心影轮廓、气管隆突和外围纹理方面以外，其余部位均有明显统计学差异。结论 有效剂量相等条件下采用较低千伏能获得更好胸部DR影像。     

免疫抑制剂相关肺结核的临床特点及X线表现

目的 总结免疫抑制剂相关肺结核的临床特点及X线表现。资料与方法回顾性对照分析46例免疫抑制剂相关肺结核与51例普通肺结核的临床特点及X线表现。结果与普通肺结核相比,免疫抑制剂相关肺结核以中高热、乏力多见,干咳和胸痛少见;病情重,合并其他病原体感染、继发性肺结核、结核性胸膜炎及合并肺外结核多见;X线上多表现为均匀一致的片絮状阴影;合并肺门或纵隔淋巴结肿大少见;病灶分布范围较广,以非肺结核好发部位发病率高,多分布在双侧肺、中肺野及下肺野。结论免疫抑制剂相关肺结核的临床表现及X线特征与普通肺结核有所不同,易误诊,应引起临床高度重视。