Role of premixed insulin analogues in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review (预混胰岛素类似物在2型糖尿病治疗中的作用：叙述性综述)

Because of the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin therapy will eventually become necessary in most patients. Recent evidence suggests that maintaining optimal glycemic control by early insulin therapy can reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with T2DM. The present review focuses on relevant clinical evidence supporting the use of premixed insulin analogues in T2DM when intensifying therapy, and as starter insulins in insulin‐naïve patients. Our aim is to provide relevant facts and clinical evidence useful in the decision‐making process of treatment selection and individualized treatment goal setting to obtain sustained blood glucose control.     

Exploring the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health and their combined association with diabetes self-care. A systematic review with meta-analysis

Objective

Depression and anxiety are common in diabetes and are associated with lower diabetes self-care adherence. How this occurs is unclear. Our systematic review explored the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health and their combined association with diabetes self-care.

Methods

Medline, Psycinfo, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched from inception to June 2013. Data on associations between cognitive illness representations, poor emotional health, and diabetes self-care were extracted. Random effects meta-analysis was used to test the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health. Their combined effect on diabetes self-care was narratively evaluated.

Results

Nine cross-sectional studies were included. Increased timeline cyclical, consequences, and seriousness beliefs were associated with poorer emotional health symptoms. Lower perceived personal control was associated with increased depression and anxiety, but not mixed anxiety and depressive symptoms. Remaining cognitive illness representation domains had mixed statistically significant and non-significant relationships across emotional states or were measured only once. Effect sizes ranged from small to large (r = ± 0.20 to 0.51). Two studies explored the combined effects of cognitions and emotions on diabetes self-care. Both showed that cognitive illness representations have an independent effect on diabetes self-care, but only one study found that depression has an independent effect also.

Conclusions

Associations between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health were in the expected direction — negative diabetes perceptions were associated with poorer emotional health. Few studies examined the relative effects of cognitions and emotions on diabetes self-care. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify directional pathways.     

Characterization of blood donors with high haemoglobin concentration

The literature contains little on the prevalence and causes of high predonation haemoglobin levels among blood donors. This study aimed to characterize and develop an algorithm to manage would-be donors with polycythaemia. Between November 2009 and November 2011, we offered haematology consultations to blood donors with repeated haemoglobin concentration (Hb) above the WHO limit for polycythaemia vera (PV) (10.2 and 11.5 mm ⁄ 16.5 and 18.5 g/dl for women and men, respectively). Investigation of such donors included Hb, haematocrit, mean cell volume, erythropoietin, ferritin, platelet count and leucocyte count, JAK2 V617F and JAK2 exon12 analysis, as well as other routine measurements. Among 46 such donors, 39 had a history of smoking, which contributes to erythrocytosis. Two had PV, five had severe hypertension, one of them because of renal artery stenosis, and two had diabetes mellitus. Thus, we found a high morbidity among such donors. Of the 36 others, 30 donated again before May 2012, at which time the Hb was significantly lower. We recommend JAK2 V617F and JAK2 exon12 screening and clinical investigation for donors with concurrently high Hb, high haematocrit and iron deficiency. We also recommend that they stop or cut down on smoking to reduce the risk of thrombosis in general. We disqualified 10 of the donors.     

Anaemia during pregnancy: impact on birth outcome and infant haemoglobin level during the first 18 months of life

To determine the effect of maternal anaemia on pregnancy outcome and describe its impact on infant haemoglobin level in the first 18 months of life, we conducted a prospective study of 617 pregnant women and their children in Benin. Prevalence of maternal anaemia at delivery was 39.5%, and 61.1% of newborns were anaemic at birth. Maternal anaemia was not associated with low birth weight [OR = 1.2 (0.6-2.2)] or preterm birth [OR = 1.3 (0.7-2.4)], whereas the newborn's anaemia was related to maternal anaemia [OR = 1.8 (1.2-2.5)]. There was no association between an infant's haemoglobin level until 18 months and maternal anaemia. However, malaria attacks during follow-up, male gender and sickle cell trait were all associated with a lower infant haemoglobin level until 18 months, whereas good infant feeding practices and a polygamous family were positively associated with a higher haemoglobin level during the first 18 months of life.     

The effects of exenatide bid on metabolic control, medication use and hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in clinical practice: a systematic review

The objective of this systematic review was to assess the published literature on the effectiveness of exenatide twice daily (exenatide) in clinical practice, specifically its effects on haemoglobin A1c (A1C), fasting glucose (FG), weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), medication use, hospitalization and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. A systematic literature search using the MEDLINE database of English language literature published between January 2005 and May 2011 was performed. The review included retrospective or prospective observational studies that included 100 or more patients per treatment group. A total of 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. The studies revealed significant reductions of -0.4 to -0.9% in A1C, -10 mg/dl in FG, -2 to -11 kg in body weight and -2 to -11 mmHg in SBP. Statistically significant reductions in the use or dosage of either oral glucose-lowering medications or insulin after initiating exenatide treatment were found in every observational study that assessed medication changes, including reductions in dosage of up to 75% in sulphonylureas dosages, 22% in metformin, 66% in thiazolidinediones (TZD) or TZD combination therapy and 75% in prandial insulin. Exenatide-treated patients experienced significantly lower rates of all-cause and CVD-related hospitalization and CVD events than patients treated with other therapies overall. In this review of observational studies, exenatide initiation was associated with significant reductions in clinically relevant outcomes. Improvements in A1C, FG, weight and SBP in the observational studies in this review were consistent with improvements observed in controlled clinical trials.     

Metabolic control and risk of hypoglycaemia during the first year of intensive insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: Aim of this study was to analyse clinical correlates of HbA1c, and of overall, nocturnal, and severe hypoglycaemia, through direct‐weighted regressions, as well as the effect of different insulin regimens and insulin analogues, through meta‐analysis. Methods: Appropriate methodology (PRISMA statement) was used. Sixty‐seven randomized studies, published as full papers were analysed to identify predictors of both HbA1c and hypoglycaemia; studies were included in a meta‐analysis to study the effect of different insulin regimens or insulin analogues on HbA1c and hypoglycaemia during the first year of insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes patients. Results: Final HbA1c, change of HbA1c, hypoglycaemia, nocturnal hypoglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemia were associated with intensity of treatment. Final HbA1c was higher with basal than with twice‐a‐day or prandial, and with twice‐a‐day than with prandial regimen, with opposite figures for hypoglycaemia. Within basal regimens, detemir and glargine were similar to NPH insulin on HbA1c, with less hypoglycaemia and nocturnal hypoglycaemia; within prandial regimens, new analogues were more effective than regular insulin on HbA1c, and induced less hypoglycaemia. The effect of glargine on HbA1c and on hypoglycaemia vanished with increasing number of insulin injections. Conclusion: Metabolic control and hypoglycaemia are associated with intensity of treatment. Basal regimens have a reduced effect on metabolic control, but are associated with lower frequency of hypoglycaemia. Newer analogues, short‐ and long‐acting, yield better control and less hypoglycaemia than older analogues.     

牙周干预对2型糖尿病伴牙周病患者糖化血红蛋白水平影响的初步分析

目的：观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）伴慢性牙周病患者干预治疗后牙周指数、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）的变化及其主要影响因素。方法：将T2DM58例伴慢性牙周病患者随机分为A组（观察组）28例和B组（对照组）30例,A组给予牙周基础治疗,B组常规处理,定期复查并记录牙龈指数（GI）、菌斑指数（PLI）、龈沟出血指数（SBZ）,附着丧失（AL）和HbAlc、空腹血糖（FBG）,比较两组基线值及36个月后各指标的变化。结果：（1）h组与B组基线值比较Hbhlc、FBG、GI、PLI、SBI、AL无显著性的差异（P〉O．05）;（2）A组干预后3～6个月与B组比较,AL、GI、PLI、sBI明显改善（AL的P〈0．05,余P值〈0．01）,Hbhlc和FBG无统计学的意义（P〉0．05）;（3）A组干预后与基线值比较,FBG、PLI、GI、SBI等指标明显改善（FBG和PLI的P〈0．05,余P均〈0．01）,HbAlC和AL无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,B组3～6个月后各指标与基线值比较均无显著性变化（P〉0．05）;（4）多因素回归分析：①以HbhlC为应变量,年龄、病程、BMI、GI、PLI、SBI、AL为自变量进行多元逐步回归,结果显示：HbAlc与BMI、GI、显著正相关（P均〈0．05）;②先后分别以GI或PLI或SBI或AL等牙周指数为应变量,年龄、病程、BMI、HbAlc和FBG为自变量,多元逐步回归结果显示,各牙周指数均分别与HbAlc显著正相关（除ALP为自变量时P〈0．05,余P均〈0．01）。结论：牙周干预治疗可改善T2DM伴慢性牙周病的牙周健康及糖代谢状况,各牙周指数均与Hbhlc呈正相关关系,牙周指数均与Hbhlc互为主要影响因素。     

维格列汀联合门冬胰岛素30注射液对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能及血清糖化血红蛋白水平的影响

 目的 探讨维格列汀联合门冬胰岛素30注射液对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能及血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA₁c)水平的影响。方法 选取西安交通大学第一附属医院2017-03至2018-07肥胖型2型糖尿病患者157例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(n=78)与联合治疗组(n=79),对照组采取门冬胰岛素30注射液治疗,联合治疗组在对照组基础上联合维格列汀治疗,疗程均为12周。观察对比两组疗效及不良反应发生率,并对两组治疗前后空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h blood glucose,2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA₁c)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)及丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制药(visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor,VASPIN)水平进行比较。结果 联合治疗组HbA₁c达标率和控制理想率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗后FPG、2 h PG、HbA₁c水平均比治疗前降低,联合治疗组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗后血清HOMA-β、VASPIN水平均较治疗前升高,联合治疗组较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 维格列汀联合门冬胰岛素30注射液治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病效果确切,能改善患者的血糖和VASPIN水平,保护胰岛β细胞功能,降低低血糖事件的发生率。     

格林模式健康教育对2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白、血压、脂肪、体重指数变化及其控制的影响

目的  评价格林模式健康教育（PRECEDE）对2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者糖化血红蛋白、血压、脂肪及体重指数（BMI）的变化及其控制的影响。方法  选取2010年1月-2010年12月在该院就诊的604例T2DM患者纳入本研究。将患者随机分为PRECEDE健康教育（PHPE）组和常规健康促进教育（CHPE）组,并对患者进行2年的随访。主要临床终点为24个月后随访患者糖化血红蛋白、脂肪水平、血压及BMI。结果  PHPE组患者糖化血红蛋白和收缩压（SBP）明显降低。PHPE组患者舒张压、三酰甘油及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平下降,但是与CHPE组比较,差异无统计学意义。两组患者随访期间BMI无明显改善。结论  PHPE是T2DM患者综合诊治的有效方法,有助于降低糖化血红蛋白和SBP水平,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。