Involvement of phospholipase D in regulating expression of anti-microbial peptide human beta-defensin-2

Human beta-defensin expression correlates with differentiation in oral epithelium, and calcium ion, an important regulator of epithelial differentiation, plays a critical role in regulation of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) mRNA expression. Phospholipase D (PLD) also regulates epithelial differentiation. Therefore, we examined the role of PLD in hBD-2 up-regulation by cell wall extract of Fusobacterium nucleatum and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), two known hBD-2 activators. We found that hBD-2 mRNA up-regulation in human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) by these two activators was mediated by PLD activation and blocked by ethanol and 1-butanol, PLD inhibitors. PLD activity was induced by stimulation with these two activators, and phosphatidic acid (PA), a product generated from the PLD enzymatic activity, was detected in stimulated HGECs. Dioctanoyl PA commonly used for PA induced hBD-2 mRNA expression. mRNAs for PLD1 alpha and beta splice variants as well as PLD1 protein were constitutively expressed, whereas mRNA and protein for PLD2 were expressed at much lower levels than those for PLD1. Moreover, pre-treatment with (+/-)-propanolol, an inhibitor of phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolases that are the downstream signaling molecules in the PLD pathway, significantly blocked hBD-2 mRNA induction by PMA in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, these findings indicate the involvement of PLD activation in hBD-2 up-regulation in HGECs, which correlates with the state of epithelial differentiation.     

Transient increase of higher-order aberrations after lateral rectus recession in children

The changes of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession were evaluated. Forty eyes of 20 children were enrolled and their wavefront information was assessed until postoperative 3 months. Even though the root mean square (RMS) of total aberration was not changed, the RMS of HOA was transiently increased at postoperative 1 week and returned to baseline level after 1 month. Among individual Zernike coefficient, secondary astigmatism, quadrafoil, secondary coma, secondary trefoil, and pentafoil showed similar tendency with the RMS of HOA. However, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration were not changed. Regarding recession amount, it did not correlate with any Zernike coefficient. In summary, our data imply that the HOAs are transiently increased after lateral rectus recession surgery. These results are in collusion with previous reports that strabismus surgery induced transient corneal astigmatism.     

Mauling of the “Celtic Tiger”: Clinical characteristics and outcome of first-episode depression secondary to the economic recession in Ireland

Background

There is a dearth of studies describing clinical characteristics and outcome of patients who present with mood disorders related to economic recession.

Aims

To describe a cohort of patients admitted with first-episode depression related to the Irish economic recession and compare this cohort with all other first-episode depressives admitted during the same time period (2009–2010).

Methods

A cohort of 137 patients admitted with first-episode depression to an independent university teaching hospital was prospectively identified and followed up from admission over 2 years (mean follow-up 430 days, s.d. 176 days). The cohort was divided into “Celtic Tiger” (patients with first-episode depression secondary to the economic recession) and non-Celtic Tiger control patients (other first-episode depressed patients). Both groups were compared in terms of clinical characteristics at baseline and outcome over follow-up.

Results

The number of admissions due to first depressive episodes were higher in recession years 2009/10 than in pre-recession years 2008/9. Celtic Tiger patients were predominantly male and more severely depressed with more marked suicidal ideation (χ², p<0.001) than control patients. They were more likely to recover (χ², p=0.013), less likely to recur (χ², p<0.001) and had faster time to recovery (log rank, p<0.001) and slower time to full recurrence (log rank, p=0.001). The Celtic Tiger patients spent more time asymptomatic and less time at full and subthreshold depression levels over follow-up.

Limitations

Study setting of centre specializing in affective disorders treatment, retrospective nature of follow-up after initial prospective interview and lack of patient follow-up interview.

Conclusion

The study describes a subgroup of patients with severe depression associated with economic recession with likely high suicide risk but very favourable outcome.     

西帕依固龈液对慢性牙周炎患者牙周指标和龈沟液中细胞因子的影响分析

目的探究西帕依固龈液对慢性牙周炎患者牙周指标和龈沟液中细胞因子的影响。方法选取2017年5月-2019年1月本院收治的慢性牙周炎患者68例为研究对象,采取随机表法把所有患者分为对照组(34例)与观察组(34例),对照组采用常规漱口水治疗,而观察组采用西帕依固龈液治疗,比较治疗前后两组患者的治疗效果。结果治疗后,两组患者的SBI、PD和CAL等牙周指标以及TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6与IL-8等龈沟液中细胞炎性因子的水平均有所下降,且观察组的下降情况更优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论采用西帕依固龈液治疗慢性牙周炎,能有效改善患者的牙周情况,且能有效降低患者的龈沟液中细胞炎性因子。     

Elevated Levels of a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 8 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients With Periodontal Diseases

Background: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM8) is involved in inflammation and is essential for osteoclastogenesis. Elevated ADAM8 levels are detected in human serum and other body fluids in several inflammatory conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that ADAM8 levels are also raised in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontal diseases. Methods: Forty‐five patients with periodontal diseases (n = 15 for each group: the group of patients with gingivitis, the group with aggressive periodontitis [AgP], and the group with chronic periodontitis [CP]) and 15 volunteers who exhibited healthy gingiva were recruited. Four periodontal parameters, gingival index, plaque index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level, were recorded before GCF collection. The presence of ADAM8 in GCF was shown by immunoblotting using anti‐human ADAM8 polyclonal antibody against its prodomain, and the ADAM8 levels were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Four immunoreactive bands at 120, 70, 50, and <30 kDa were detected in the groups of patients with periodontitis, whose intensities were stronger than those in the group of patients with gingivitis, consistent with significantly greater ADAM8 levels in both groups of patients, with either CP or AgP, than those in the group of patients with gingivitis and in the group that was healthy (P <0.001). Moreover, the ADAM8 levels correlated significantly with the four periodontal parameters (P <0.001), indicating that ADAM8 levels are positively associated with the degree of periodontal tissue inflammation and destruction. Conclusions: The ADAM8 levels are elevated in the GCF of patients with periodontal diseases, including gingivitis, CP, and AgP, in comparison to control participants who are healthy, and they correlate with four clinical parameters that reflect the degree of disease severity.     

The Significance of Keratinized Mucosa on Implant Health: A Systematic Review

Background: Whether a minimal width of keratinized mucosa (KM) is required to maintain peri‐implant tissue health has been a topic of interest. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to investigate the effect of KM on various peri‐implant health‐related parameters. Methods: An electronic search of five databases (from 1965 to October 2012) and a hand search of peer‐reviewed journals for relevant articles were performed. Human cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies with data on the relationship between the amount of KM around dental implants and various peri‐implant parameters, with a follow‐up period of at least 6 months, were included. Results: Eleven studies, seven cross‐sectional and four longitudinal, were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated with meta‐analyses for each clinical parameter. The results showed statistically significant differences in plaque index (PI) and modified PI (WMD = ?0.27, 95% CI = ?0.43 to ?0.11), modified gingival index (mGI) (WMD = ?0.48, 95% CI = ?0.70 to ?0.27), mucosal recession (MR) (WMD = ?0.60 mm, 95% CI = ?0.85 to ?0.36 mm), and attachment loss (AL) (WMD = ?0.35 mm, 95% CI = ?0.65 mm to ?0.06 mm), all favoring implants with wide KM. However, comparisons of other parameters (bleeding on probing, modified bleeding index, GI, probing depth, and radiographic bone loss) did not reach statistically significant differences. The result of heterogeneity test showed only one parameter (AL, P value for the χ² test = 0.30 and I² test = 18%) had a low degree of heterogeneity among analyzed studies; meta‐analyses of other parameters presented moderate‐to‐high degree of heterogeneity. Limitations of the present review include limited number of selected studies (n = 11), existence of heterogeneity and publication bias, and only English‐written articles searched. Conclusion: Based on current available evidence, a lack of adequate KM around endosseous dental implants is associated with more plaque accumulation, tissue inflammation, MR, and AL.     

分泌型卷曲相关蛋白1与慢性牙周炎的相关分析

目的 检测分泌型卷曲相关蛋白1（SFRP1）在慢性牙周炎（CP）患者和牙周健康者的表达情况,探讨SFRP1在CP的发生与发展过程中的作用。方法 选择CP患者28例为试验组,按临床附着丧失（CAL）程度分为轻、中、重度3组,另外选择牙周健康者10例为对照组。收集两组研究对象的龈沟液,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定龈沟液中SFRP1的质量浓度。取试验组中22例CP患者的病变牙龈组织标本,以及10例对照组的正常牙龈组织,进行SFRP1免疫组织化学染色,观察着色强度,分析SFRP1表达与不同程度CP的相关性。结果 1）试验组和对照组龈沟液中SFRP1的质量浓度分别为（281.07±33.37）和（245.30±35.69）ng·L-1,试验组明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;龈沟液内SFRP1质量浓度与CAL呈明显正相关（r=0.651,P<0.001）。2）试验组SFRP1着色强度积分值（4.500±0.913）明显高于对照组（2.800±1.135）（P<0.001）;试验组中,轻、中、重度CP组间的着色强度积分值无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 SFRP1在CP患者龈沟液及牙龈组织中的表达高于牙周健康者,SFRP1可能参与了CP的发生发展过程。     

碘酊棉球填塞法急诊治疗牙龈出血的效果评价

目的:评价碘酊棉球填塞法急诊治疗牙龈出血的疗效。方法 :应用饱和2.5%碘酊溶液的棉球,对108例牙龈出血的急诊病例,进行填塞和压迫止血,观察15～30min,评价止血效果。结果:15min控制出血72例,占66.67%;30min控制出血36例,占33.33%。有效率达100%。结论:碘酊棉球填塞法急诊治疗牙龈出血方法简便、疗效可靠、复发率低,是一种有效的急诊止血方法。     

TNF-alpha and IL-4 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-4 levels in healthy sites and sites exhibiting signs of moderate and advanced generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) in the same subject.
Methods:  The following sites were selected for crevicular fluid sampling in the same AgP subject ( n  = 14): Healthy sites (HS): no marginal bleeding or bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) ≤ 3 mm; Moderate sites (MS): BOP and PD between 4 and 6 mm; Advanced sites (AS): BOP and PD ≥ 7 mm. One site from periodontally healthy subjects ( n  = 13) was sampled for use as a control. TNF-α and IL-4 levels were measured using ELISA.
Results:  The total amount of TNF-α was lower for control sites, while there were no differences among healthy and diseased sites from GAgP subjects ( P  < 0.05). The concentration of TNF-α was higher in HS, in relation to the other sites ( P  < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups regarding total amounts of IL-4 ( P  > 0.05), while IL-4 concentration was significantly higher in control sites, when compared with sites from GAgP subjects ( P  < 0.05).
Conclusion:  In conclusion, high levels of TNF-α and low levels of IL-4 were observed in both healthy and diseased sites within the same generalized AgP individuals.