论高校科技产业的创新与发展

２１世纪是以信息技术和生物工程技术为代表的高瓣技术及其产业迅猛发展的知识经济世纪,本文主要讨论了在新世纪里高校职能的变化及其在知识创新、技术创新和国家经济建设中的地位、作用等问题。作者认为,坚持创新是高校生存和发展的根本需要;高校科技产业则是具有中国特色的知识经济的产物。对完善我国教育体制、提高办学实力、调整我国的知识结构和产业结构都具有十分重要的意义。     

内蒙古医学病毒学研究进展

目的：总结改革开放２０年来,内蒙古医学病毒学取得的一些瞩目成绩。方法：查阅中国生物医学文献光盘数据库,分析宾些年来内蒙古医学病毒学各类科研究进展。结果：内蒙古医学病毒学各学科研究均取得了一睦成绩,其中乙型肝炎、出血热病毒、化状病毒、巨细胞病毒、艾滋病病毒以及人类基因工程研究方面的成果已达到国内先进水平。结论：２０世纪内蒙古的医学成果已为下一世纪的研究尊定了基础,相信内蒙古的医学病毒学研究在２１世纪     

Basic Science in Medical Reasoning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach

A new generation of intelligent systems is growing up in the community of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. The main goal of these systems is the representation and use of real theory of diseases, as they are represented in medical textbooks or in scientific articles, rather than the heuristic shortcuts of human experts. In this paper, we will argue that the difficulties in the integration of basic science and clinical knowledge in intelligent systems arise from ontological differences between these kinds of knowledge and that the solution can be found in their dynamic integration during the reasoning process. In order to illustrate this point, we will first describe an epistemological analysis of the interplay between basic science knowledge and clinical knowledge, and then we will provide the example of a computational architecture implementing this view. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effects of d-cycloserine and MK-801 on the performance of rats in two spatial learning and memory tasks

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of modulation of the (NMDA) receptor on learning and memory. Thus, the performance of rats treated with d-cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glycine recognition site of the NMDA receptor complex, and MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, either alone or concurrently were assessed in radial arm maze and water maze tasks. Administration of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired acquisition in the water maze (increased escape latency and distance) and working memory in the radial arm maze (increased re-entries) in rats. Moreover, in the radial arm maze, MK-801 disrupted locomotion (increased latencies and decreased arm entries per minute) and impaired the acquisition of reference memory (increased number of errors) performance of rats. d-Cycloserine (0.03, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effects on acquisition or memory performance of control or MK-801-treated rats in either of these tasks. However, d-cycloserine (0.03, 0.3, 3.0 mg/kg) reversed the MK-801-induced disruption in locomotion. Furthermore, 3.0 mg/kg d-cycloserine increased behavioral activity and also decreased the time needed to complete the task in control animals. To conclude, our results suggest that the consequences of NMDA receptor modulation on learning and memory processes and sensorimotor functions may be functionally different or have distinct anatomical locations.     

Issues of reliability and validity in the measurement of challenging behaviour (behavioural difficulties) in learning disability: a discussion of implications for nursing research and practice

• ? The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on issues related to the reliability and validity of measurement of challenging behaviour (behavioural difficulties) in learning disability. A number of practical, theoretical and methodological issues are discussed that have significance for the nurse both as practitioner and/or researcher in learning disability. These issues are equally important to both provider and purchaser of health care in order that resources can be most effectively targeted.
• ? The term ‘challenging behaviour’ would appear to be used both in literature and research synonymously with behavioural difficulties, this has implications for nurses in both their clinical practice and/or research. The author concludes by identifying a need to replace the term challenging behaviour, with ‘behavioural difficulties’. It is argued that such a term is much more explicit in meaning and amenable to operational definition, thus enabling empirical study. Such a proposal will not be accepted by all as justifiable; this is because some might argue that adopting the term behavioural difficulties may be a retrograde step that perpetuates negative imagery and inappropriate labelling of people with a learning disability.

     

Effect of isolation rearing on 5-HT agonist-induced responses in the rat

Rats were reared from weaning (21 days of age) either in isolation or in social groups of five for 30 days and were then tested for spontaneous locomotor activity and 7 days later for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonist-induced behaviour. Isolation-reared animals displayed locomotor hyperactivity when placed in a novel environment. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) (2 mg/kg IP) and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyl-amino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (0.32 mg/kg SC) elicited various components of the 5-HT behavioural syndrome in both groups of animals, with forepaw treading and flat body posture being significantly more pronounced in isolation-reared animals. 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (2.5 mg/kg IP), a 5-HT₂ selective agonist, produced a significantly greater number of back muscle contractions in isolation-reared animals but there was no difference between the two groups in the number of wet-dog shakes produced. Forepaw treading and flat body posture are thought to be mediated by 5-HT_1A receptor activation, and stimulation of this receptor by either 5-MeODMT or 8-OH-DPAT produced greater responding in isolation-reared rats, suggesting supersensitivity of the post-synaptic 5-HT_1A receptor. Wet-dog shakes are thought to be mediated by 5-HT₂ and other (none-5-HT) receptors while back muscle contractions have been shown to be mediated by 5-HT₂ receptors, indicating that there is also an increase in 5-HT₂ receptor responsiveness in the socially-isolated animals. In general, the results indicate post-synaptic 5-HT receptor supersensitivity in isolation-reared rats and these receptor changes may be involved in the behavioural profile observed in such rats.     

医学高职教育的不可行性分析

医学高等教育,是一种生命科学理论、人体科学技术与自然科学知识相结合的超综合性教育活动,是关于人与人服务的社会特点而开展的知识传授、技术传递、思维培训、个人社会技术引导的"人"的教育过程.由此赋予该专业的课程门类众多、专业理论纵深、知识技术要求娴熟、医德意识最大唤醒等多重功能,不仅基础课程课时量大,而且知识链条关系十分紧密,课程的排列与进度只能是递进式的,因而长时间周期是实施医学教学的第一保证.     

循证医学与中医学关系及设想初探

循证医学主要研究内容是提供证据和应用证据，其与中医相同之处是重视证据，重视整体观。中医辩证是通过四诊收集证据，将诊查结果作为辩证、立法、用药的依据。循证医学的核心思想是寻求证据，应用证据。前者用于诊断、后者注重对诊断和治疗结果的分析评价。中医重视整体观，重视从局部与整体有机的联系上分析疾病的病机变化。治疗上重视人体整体 功能状态的调整和改善。而循证医学也具有整体观，突破以往以疾病为中心的模式，倡导临床措施和医疗决策以病人为中心。为促进循证中医药学的发展，建议制作中医药的系统评价；进行循证中医药学在临床实践中的应用研究；组织评价方法研究小组；建立中医临床评价研究资料库。