Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review

Interventions to change health-related behaviours typically have modest effects and may be more effective if grounded in appropriate theory. Most theories applied to public health interventions tend to emphasise individual capabilities and motivation, with limited reference to context and social factors. Intervention effectiveness may be increased by drawing on a wider range of theories incorporating social, cultural and economic factors that influence behaviour. The primary aim of this paper is to identify theories of behaviour and behaviour change of potential relevance to public health interventions across four scientific disciplines: psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics. We report in detail the methodology of our scoping review used to identify these theories including which involved a systematic search of electronic databases, consultation with a multidisciplinary advisory group, web searching, searching of reference lists and hand searching of key behavioural science journals. Of secondary interest we developed a list of agreed criteria for judging the quality of the theories. We identified 82 theories and 9 criteria for assessing theory quality. The potential relevance of this wide-ranging number of theories to public health interventions and the ease and usefulness of evaluating the theories in terms of the quality criteria are however yet to be determined.     

人文社科期刊国际化研究综述

【目的】 人文社科期刊国际化是全球人文思想传播和文化交流的重要方式,随着中国特色哲学社会科学“三大体系”工作的推进,人文社科期刊国际化成为新文科建设理念下一个紧迫的研究课题。【方法】 以CNKI、WoS、Google Scholar为文献来源,结合计量方法获取相关文献,通过文献阅读法,构建“抽象化—具体化—标准化”的研究思路。【结果】 对人文社科期刊国际化的基础研究、特征标准、评价指标“三方内容”进行综述,分析人文社科期刊国际化研究存在的“四个挑战”:发展进程缓慢、意识形态差异、评价体系构建难题、期刊自身制约。【结论】 对未来人文社科期刊研究提出了加强基础研究、解决国际本土之争、深化区域合作、推动数据驱动、创新评价方法的“五大展望”。     

The persistence of illicit drug smoke residues and their recovery from common household surfaces

Third‐hand smoke is the residue remaining on surfaces during smoking events. It is composed of particles and vapours that form upon heating. The phrase ‘third‐hand smoke’ is primarily used to describe nicotine and other chemicals from cigarettes, but any residues formed from the smoking of various substances could be classified similarly. There has been an increasing body of research on third‐hand smoke from cigarettes in the last decade, but little has been done in regards to understanding the persistence of particles and vapours from illicit drugs. In this work, small samples of cocaine and methamphetamine were volatilized to produce an illicit drug smoke that was collected onto various surface materials and left exposed to ambient conditions over 672 h (four weeks). Chemical analyses by electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry of residues on silicon, plastic, laminate, and artificial leather surfaces indicated a rapid decrease in recovery of the parent molecule, with varied formation of decomposition products over the first 168 h of exposure. Measurable amounts of the parent molecule were still present after 672 h, exhibiting a strong persistence of these drugs on various household materials. This is important in a forensic science context, as third‐hand smoke residues could provide a viable source of trace evidence previously not utilized. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation is associated with bone marrow failure,hemophagocytosis, and DNMT3A mutations

Graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation (LT-GVHD) is rare, frequently fatal, and associated with bone marrow failure (BMF), cytopenias, and hyperferritinemia. Given hyperferritinemia and cytopenias are present in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells are associated with hyperinflammatory responses (clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, CHIP), we identified the frequency of hemophagocytosis and CHIP mutations in LT-GVHD. We reviewed bone marrow aspirates and biopsies, quantified blood/marrow chimerism, and performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) with a targeted panel of genes relevant to myeloid malignancies, CHIP, and BMF. In all, 12 marrows were reviewed from 9 LT-GVHD patients. In all, 10 aspirates were evaluable for hemophagocytosis; 7 had adequate DNA for NGS. NGS was also performed on marrow from an LT cohort (n = 6) without GVHD. Nine of 10 aspirates in LT-GVHD patients showed increased hemophagocytosis. Five (71%) of 7 with LT-GVHD had DNMT3A mutations; only 1 of 6 in the non-GVHD LT cohort demonstrated DNMT3A mutation (p = .04). Only 1 LT-GVHD patient survived. BMF with HLH features was associated with poor hematopoietic recovery, and DNMT3A mutations were over-represented, in LT-GVHD patients. Identification of HLH features may guide prognosis and therapeutics. Further studies are needed to clarify the origin and impact of CHIP mutations on the hyperinflammatory state.

     

以胜任力为核心的“二经四纬”医学类研究生培养模式构建及实践——以滨州医学院为例

“大健康”背景下，对医学人才提出了更高的要求，为提高医学研究生岗位胜任力，滨州医学院紧紧围绕“岗位胜任力”的核心，从研究生导师队伍建设和研究生培养两个“经度”入手，在创新能力、实践能力、学科交叉思维和国际视野4个“纬度”，实施培养模式改革。在研究生导师队伍建设经度，建立健全研究生导师分类遴选考核体系，构建“四位一体” +“思政贯通”的导师培训体系，开展“医学+X”交叉融合工程，组建国际化导师队伍，全面提高研究生导师岗位胜任力。在研究生培养经度，构建科学学位科研素养全周期覆盖、专业学位 “产学研”一体化的研究生分类培养体系，建立“医学+X”医学研究生交叉培养体系和“S-P-R-I国际化培养模式”，提高研究生学科交叉能力，拓宽国际视野，提升研究生岗位胜任力。自新模式实施以来，切实提升了研究生的创新能力、实践能力、学科交叉思维和国际视野，岗位胜任力显著提高，深受就业单位欢迎，就业率近100%，均从事医学科研或临床工作。     

Die Hitler in UNS (The Hitler in US): Evil and the Psychoanalytic Situation

In exploring egregious behavior on the part of psychoanalysts, this article attempts to redefine the traditionally ecclesiastical, moralistic notion of evil. Referencing the “Nazification” of the famed Berlin Institute, the vociferous “controversial discussions” at the British Psychoanalytic Society during the London Blitz, and more recent events involving psychologists condoning torture, the author considers evil as a universal potential in context, rather than a fixed social or psychiatric aberration. As such, the dynamic stance of participant observation is put forth as a safeguard against the analyst's loss of self-reflexivity.     

Implications of Resident Memory T Cells for Transplantation

Recent studies have established resident memory T cells (T_RM) as the dominant memory lymphocyte population surveying most nonlymphoid tissues. Unlike other memory T cell lineages, T_RM do not recirculate through blood and are permanently confined to their tissue of residence. T_RM orchestrate local immune responses and have been shown to accelerate local pathogen control in many experimental infection models. Here we briefly summarize recent advances in T_RM differentiation, maintenance, and their protective function. While little is known, we have speculated on the potential implications of T_RM for transplantation biology. Areas of emphasis include the role of passenger T_RM in controlling latent viral recrudescence in donor organs, donor T_RM as a source of graft‐versus‐host disease, the ability of T_RM to potently induce inflammation through sensing and alarm functions, and differentiation of host T cells into T_RM in response to local cues inside the allograft. Further investigation of T_RM in the context of transplantation might identify therapeutic targets to prolong graft survival.     

Repenser le handicap : leçons du passé, questions pour l’avenir. Apports et limites du modèle social,de la sociologie des sciences et des techniques,de l’éthique du care

In this article, I analyze one evolution in disability research over the past 30 years: the shift from an individual to a social approach to disability. While most disability research has currently “socialized” disability or at the least situates disabled people within a social context, not all do so in the same way nor based on the same assumptions. They lead to different concepts of the person and society and different concepts of disability and normalcy. I analyze this evolution by looking at three approaches to disability: the social model, the approach taken in the sociology of science and technology, and the ethics of care. I show how each, by renewing the analysis of disability, has brought about changes for disabled people and transformed ways of “living together” and “making society”. I also show the limits of these approaches and propose lines of thought for the continuation of our research, notably around the question of autonomy. I propose that we rethink autonomy from the standpoint of the notion of “recalcitrance”.     

Contributing to an integrated profession: a model-based examination of the A-ONE

Yerxa’s [1] model of an integrated profession depicts a circular scholarly process whereby ideas formed in practice are subjected to research and then returned to practice through education. This knowledge-generating cycle supports occupational science and the development of our professional identity. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Yerxa’s model was used to evaluate if three developmental cycles of the ADL-Focused Occupation-Based Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE) sufficiently represented all necessary model components required for implementation into practice. The three cycles were historical, educational and measurement. The necessary components included: (a) dilemmas in practice, (b) new ideas that emerged from those practice issues, (c) research to test those ideas and (d) education designed to integrate new knowledge into practice. The results of this analysis of the A-ONE supported adequate research related to ideas from practice being implemented back into practice. Through using the model of an integrated profession to reflect on ideas ignited within practice, and then implementing research to explore the potential contribution of those ideas to knowledge generation, we gain the power to influence the future development of occupational science and the profession.