Effect of gaze direction on neck muscle activity during cervical rotation

Control of the neck muscles is coordinated with the sensory organs of vision, hearing and balance. For instance, activity of splenius capitis (SC) is modified with gaze shift. This interaction between eye movement and neck muscle activity is likely to influence the control of neck movement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eye position on neck muscle activity during cervical rotation. In eleven subjects we recorded electromyographic activity (EMG) of muscles that rotate the neck to the right [right obliquus capitis inferior (OI), multifides (MF), and SC, and left sternocleidomastoid (SCM)] with intramuscular or surface electrodes. In sitting, subjects rotated the neck in each direction to specific points in range that were held statically with gaze either fixed to a guide (at three different positions) that moved with the head to maintain a constant intra-orbit eye position or to a panel in front of the subject. Although right SC and left SCM EMG increased with rotation to the right, contrary to anatomical texts, OI EMG increased with both directions and MF EMG did not change from the activity recorded at rest. During neck rotation SCM and MF EMG was less when the eyes were maintained with a constant intra-orbit position that was opposite to the direction of rotation compared to trials in which the eyes were maintained in the same direction as the head movement. The inter-relationship between eye position and neck muscle activity may affect the control of neck posture and movement.     

Prevalence of viral infection markers by polymerase chain reaction amplification and interferon-alpha measurements among patients undergoing lumbar puncture in an emergency department

Aseptic meningitis is a frequent diagnosis in emergency departments. Nevertheless, viral investigations are not carried out currently and the viral etiology in adult population has not been studied extensively. We conducted a prospective study including all consecutive patients undergoing lumbar puncture during a 15 months period in an adult emergency department. Bloody and purulent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were excluded. The main tests undertaken were: CSF genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for neurotropic viruses and serum and CSF interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) measurements. Among 194 patients included, 45 had and 149 did not have aseptic meningitis. Of 45 patients with aseptic meningitis, 10 had alternative non-virological final diagnosis, and 35/45 were presumed to have neurological disorders of viral origin. Patients (27/35) completed virological analysis: 21/27 (78%) had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 8 patients, Varicella zoster virus (VZV): 5, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): 2, herpes simplex virus (HSV): 1, human herpes virus 6: 1) or only raised serum or CSF IFN-alpha (4 patients). Overall, 59% of patients with a positive viral PCR had either CSF or serum raised IFN-alpha. Twentyone patients without meningitis had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 3 patients) or only high serum IFN-alpha level (18 patients). In the setting of aseptic meningitis diagnosed in an adult emergency department, viruses are the most common agents encountered, with enterovirus and VZV as the two main etiological agents. Current CSF viral genome amplification and IFN-alpha measurement are informative and could be useful to confirm the viral origin of various neurological disorders, although the sensitivity and specificity of IFN-alpha measurement for the diagnosis of viral infection need further confirmation.     

Malignant Melanoma of Soft Parts Involving the Head and Neck Region: Review of Literature and Case Report

Malignant melanoma of soft parts (MMSP) was originally described as a distinct entity by Enzinger in 1965 and was termed “clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses” because of its association with tenosynovial structures. It has been shown immunophenotypically and ultrastructurally that this tumor is derived from neuroectoderm and shares a number of features with cutaneous melanoma. Over 95% of MMSPs present in the extremities, with the head and neck region (1.9%) being an unusual site. This study presents an additional case of MMSP of the head and neck region involving the posterior cervical region in a 15-year-old Hispanic male and reviews the literature on MMSP. Ultrastructural examination showed rudimentary cell attachments, smooth cell membranes, discontinuous basal lamina, scanty glycogen, and occasional premelanosomes in some tumor cells. Cytogenetic analysis showed a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 12 and 22 [t(12:22)(q13;q12.2)], characteristic for MMSP and not seen in cutaneous melanoma. Survival in MMSP has been correlated with tumor size, tumor necrosis, and ploidy status. Overall reported clinical outcome for this tumor is as follows: died of disease, 45%; alive with disease, 23%; no evidence of disease, 30%; and died of other causes, 2%. MMSP represents a distinct entity with a characteristic ultrastructural appearance and a tumor defining cytogenetic translocation.     

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor presenting as a neck mass: a case report

An unusual case study of a desmoplastic small round cell tumor presenting as a 3.5-cm, firm, supraclavicular neck mass and diagnosed by fine-needle aspirate biopsy in a 16-yr-old male is reported. Clinical, cytologic, and immunocytochemical findings are described. Histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features are discussed. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors of any site; the importance of ancillary studies in arriving at the correct diagnosis is emphasized.     

Upper tibial corticocancellous flap anatomy study (19.2.93)

Summary A cortico-cancellous flap from the anterolateral aspect of the upper third of the tibia was presented. Sixty lower limbs of fresh cadavers were dissected. The vascular bundle includes the anterior tibial artery and its recurrent collateral branches and recurrent and muscllo periostal arteries. The flap is harvested with the interosseous membrane and can be used either free or pedicled. We used this flap for two patients suffering from pseudarthrosis. Long range clinical and radiological results are good.

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Le transfert osseux vascularisé tibial superieur

Résumé Les auteurs décrivent un transfert ostéo-periosté vascularisé, prélevé sur la face antéro-latérale de l'extremité supérieure du tibia. L'étude anatomique porte sur soixante membres inférieurs, conservés au froid. La vascularisation métaphysaire du transfert provient de la branche récurrente tibiale antérieure et de ses rameaux, la vascularisation diaphysaire étant issue des branches musculo-périostiées proximales. Le transfert vascularisé est prélevé avec la membrane interosseuse et peut être pediculé ou libre. L'expérience clinique porte sur deux cas de pseudarthroses multiopérées. Les résultats cliniques et radiologiques sont bons à long terme.

     

带监测皮岛腓骨移植治疗股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨监测皮岛腓骨移植治疗股骨颈骨折的临床价值。方法：用带监测皮岛的腓骨移植结合AO空心钉内固定治疗11例中青年股骨颈骨折患者。结果：11例中1例监测皮岛于术后监测过程中准确地提示移植腓骨血管危象，及时手术探查处理，复通血供。11例监测皮岛全部成活，随访1～3年，股骨颈骨折端骨愈合，股骨头无坏死。结论：带监测皮岛吻合血管的腓骨移植治疗股骨颈骨折疗效可靠，监测皮岛是腓骨移植术后血供监测的可靠方法。     

距骨颈骨折疗效分析

目的探讨距骨颈骨折治疗方案的选择以及疗效相关因素分析。方法距骨颈骨折15例，男13例，女2例。年龄16～63岁，平均40．5岁，合并腰椎、髋臼、跟骨、外踝骨折各1例。开放骨折2例。陈旧性骨折2例（〉1个月）。按Hawkins骨折分类：Ⅰ型3例、Ⅱ型9例、Ⅲ型3例。Ⅰ型骨折采用膝下管型石膏固定，其中1例复诊中因移位行切开复位松质骨螺钉固定。Ⅱ型骨折均行切开复位，克氏针或松质骨螺钉固定。Ⅲ型骨折1例开放性骨折，急诊行清创缝合，手法＋撬拔复位，脱位整复。一周后在C臂机引导下，采用二枚直径4．0mm中空螺钉由后向前固定距骨颈，1例急诊手术切开复位，克氏针内固定。结果本组13例获得随访，时间4～24个月，平均12.3个月。13例中发生距骨体缺血性坏死5例，其中Ⅱ型骨折4例，Ⅲ型骨折1例。另2例未统计在内。1例外院病例术后并发伤口感染长期不愈，行小腿截肢术。1例患者拒绝手术治疗。按Hawkims疗效标准，优4例，良4例，可3例，差2例，优良率69％。结论对无移位的距骨颈骨折，行膝下管型石膏固定6～12周，并定期拍片复查，距骨颈骨折脱位应急诊复位和可靠的内固定。以2枚拉力螺钉内固定为宜，尽量减少并发症。对距骨体缺血性坏死，或创伤性关节炎，则根据患者的实际情况采取相应治疗措施。     

AO加压空心钉治疗股骨颈骨折79例报告

目的 探讨AO加压空心钉治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗设。方法 对79例股骨颈骨折患者均采用AO加压空心钉治疗。结果 所有病人都获得随访，随防时间6个月～4年，按马元障功能恢复分级．优45例．良26例，差8例．总优良率88.7%。结论 AO加压空心钉治疗股骨颈骨折方法简单．疗效确切，值得提倡。     

鼻内镜下额隐窝区域手术的应用解剖

目的:为鼻内镜下额隐窝区域手术提供相应的解剖基础。方法:(1)成人干颅骨5例(10侧),从正中矢状位锯开,观察额窦、额隐窝及毗邻骨性解剖结构;(2)成人湿性尸头5例(10侧),从正中矢状位锯开,观察额窦引流部位,以量角器、直尺等测量工具测量相关解剖数据;(3)另选成人湿性尸头标本5例(10侧),模拟经鼻内镜鼻丘径路额窦开放术,鼻内镜下观察额隐窝及毗邻结构解剖特征。结果:(1)额隐窝作为额窦引流通道,具有复杂的三维空间结构;(2)鼻内镜下经鼻丘径路额窦开放手术可充分暴露额隐窝范围,鼻丘、钩突和毗邻结构的解剖关系决定了具体的手术方式;(3)筛前动脉距鼻小柱与鼻翼交点(58.0±2.9)mm,与鼻底夹角(51.0±3.9)°,是辨认额窦口及前颅底的重要标志。结论:鼻丘、钩突及筛前动脉为鼻内镜下额隐窝区域手术的重要解剖标志,准确辨认额隐窝及毗邻结构的解剖关系,有助于提高手术的彻底性及避免严重的手术并发症。