猪血小板衍化生长因子的提取和纯化

目的 建立一种简单、经济的血小板衍化生长因子（PDGF）的纯化方法。方法 血小板衍化生长因子（PDGF）具有耐酸性（pH2.5）,耐热（100℃）以及耐受2%SDS的特性。采用酸醇提取、热处理、离子交换层析、分子筛等蛋白分离和纯化技术从猪血小板中提取和纯化PDGF。结果 猪血小板衍化生长因子（pPDGF）纯化倍数达7582倍,活性回收率为3%。结论 本方法简单、经济,纯化的猪血小板衍化生长因子(pPDGF）具有明显的生物学活性。     

三七中人参皂甙对老年鼠血液中抗氧化酶活力影响的研究

对５８例实验小鼠模型的研究以期为三七中人参皂甙单体Ｒｂ１及Ｒｇ１的抗衰老作用提供实验依据,探讨其抗衰老的机理。２０月抗衰老实验组小鼠分别按９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重给予三七个参皂甙Ｒｂ１,Ｒｇ１,连续给药３０ｄ,断头取血测工细胞超氧化物睦化酶（ＳＯＤ）及过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）。     

急性心肌梗塞溶栓治疗后血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛的变化

为探讨溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞(AMI)对血清超氧化物歧化酯(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的影响。将61例AMI患者分成溶栓再通组(37例)、溶栓未通组(24例)进行治疗观察。结果溶栓再通组,不同时问测定的血浆SOD和浓度高于对照组(P<0.01)。而MDA的浓度是下降的。结论提示只有使梗塞相关血管(IRA)再通,才能通过增加心肌细胞内SOD活性,降低MDA,对抗氧自由基对心肌细胞的损害作用。     

Sources of Ca2+ in relation to generation of acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in rat mesenteric artery

1. The aim of the present study was to identify the sources of Ca²⁺ contributing to acetylcholine (ACh)-induced release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) from endothelial cells of rat mesenteric artery and to assess the pathway involved. The changes in membrane potentials of smooth muscles by ACh measured with the microelectrode technique were evaluated as a marker for EDHF release.
2. ACh elicited membrane hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells in an endothelium-dependent manner. The hyperpolarizing response was not affected by treatment with 10 μM indomethacin, 300 μM N^G-nitro-L-arginine or 10 μM oxyhaemoglobin, thereby indicating that the hyperpolarization is not mediated by prostanoids or nitric oxide but is presumably by EDHF.
3. In the presence of extracellular Ca²⁺, 1 μM ACh generated a hyperpolarization composed of the transient and sustained components. By contrast, in Ca²⁺-free medium, ACh produced only transient hyperpolarization.
4. Pretreatment with 100 nM thapsigargin and 3 μM cyclopiazonic acid, endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase inhibitors, completely abolished ACh-induced hyperpolarization. Pretreatment with 20 mM caffeine also markedly attenuated ACh-induced hyperpolarization. However, the overall pattern and peak amplitude of hyperpolarization were unaffected by pretreatment with 1 μM ryanodine.
5. In the presence of 5 mM Ni²⁺ or 3 mM Mn²⁺, the hyperpolarizing response to ACh was transient, and the sustained component of hyperpolarization was not observed. On the other hand, 1 μM nifedipine had no effect on ACh-induced hyperpolarization.
6. ACh-induced hyperpolarization was nearly completely eliminated by 500 nM U-73122 or 200 μM 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate, inhibitors of phospholipase C, but was unchanged by 500 nM U-73343, an inactive form of U-73122. Pretreatment with 20 nM staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, did not modify ACh-induced hyperpolarization.
7. These results indicate that the ACh-induced release of EDHF from endothelial cells of rat mesenteric artery is possibly initiated by Ca²⁺ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃)-sensitive Ca²⁺ pool as a consequence of stimulation of phospholipid hydrolysis due to phospholipase C activation, and maintained by Ca²⁺ influx via a Ni²⁺- and Mn²⁺-sensitive pathway distinct from L-type Ca²⁺ channels. The Ca²⁺-influx mechanism seems to be activated following IP₃-induced depletion of the pool.

     

The basal and stimulated release of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor from isolated pig coronary arteries does not interfere with the vascular release of superoxide

Oxygen-derived free radicals, in particular superoxide anions, are known to inactivate the endogenous vasodilator endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) which is probably identical with the gaseous radical nitric oxide. It is possible that EDRF is not the target of superoxide anions but may also be an endogenous scavenger of this radical.Superoxide anions generated by the vessel wall were measured by a modified lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence technique in isolated pig coronary artery rings with intact endothelium.The addition of bovine superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of superoxide anions, decreased the chemiluminescence signal by 40 ± 26% (mean ± SD; P < 0.05; n = 21) indicating reduced generation/release of superoxide anions. In contrast, pretreatment of coronary artery rings with diethyldithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of the intrinsic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, increased the chemiluminescence response by 136 ± 128°10 (P < 0.05; n = 21). This increase in the chemiluminescence response induced by diethyldithiocarbamate-pretreatment was almost abolished in the presence of added bovine superoxide dismutase. Specific inhibition of the EDRF release with nitro-l-arginine (100 M) did not affect the chemiluminescence response. On the other hand, stimulation of the EDRF release by substance P (10 nM) or addition of the endothelium-mediated relaxant bradykinin (0.1 M) did not affect the chemiluminescence response. Stimulation of the EDRF release with serotonin (0.1 M) significantly reduced the photon emission by 15 ± 16% (n = 27). However, this effect of serotonin on the chemiluminescence response could not be prevented by specific inhibition of the EDRF release with nitro-l-arginine (100 M) but could be prevented by buffering the acidic serotonin solution with NaOH to pH 7.4.Our results suggest that basal and agonist-stimulated release of EDRF in isolated pig coronary artery rings does not interfere with the basal generation/release of superoxide anions derived from the vascular wall. Correspondence to: A. Mugge at the above address     

The selectivity of different external binding sites for quaternary ammonium ions in cloned potassium channels

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is thought to be the most effective quaternary ammonium (QA) ion blocker at the external site of K⁺ channels, and small changes to the TEA ion reduce its potency. To examine the properties of the external QA receptor, we applied a variety of QA ions to excised patches from human embryonic kidney cells or Xenopus oocytes transfected with the delayed rectifying K⁺ channels Kv 2.1 and Kv 3.1. In outside-out patches of Kv 3.1, the relative potencies were TEA > tetrapropylammonium (TPA) > tetrabutylammonium (TBA). In contrast to Kv 3.1, the relative potencies in Kv 2.1 were TBA > TEA > TPA. In Kv 3.1 and Kv 2.1, external tetrapentylammonium (TPeA) blocked K⁺ currents in a fast, reversible and, in contrast to TEA, time-dependent manner. The external binding of TPeA appeared to be voltage independent, unlike the effects of TPeA applied to inside-out patches. External n-alkyl-triethylammonium compounds (C₈, C₁₀ chain length) had a lower affinity than TEA in Kv 3.1, but a higher affinity than TEA in Kv 2.1. In Kv 3.1, the decrease in QA affinity was large when one or two methyl groups were substituted for ethyl groups in TEA, but minor when propyl groups replaced ethyl groups. Changes in the free energy of binding could be correlated to changes in the free energy of hydration of TEA derivatives calculated by continuum methodology. These results reveal a substantial hydrophobic component of external QA ion binding to Kv 2.1, and to a lesser degree to Kv 3.1, in addition to the generally accepted electrostatic interactions. The chain length of hydrophobic TEA derivatives affects the affinity for the hydrophobic binding site, whereas the hydropathy of QA ions determines the electrostatic interaction energy.     

Cationic-amphiphilic arpromidine-derived guanidines and a histamine trifluoromethyl-toluidide derivative may activate pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins by a receptor-independent mechanism

Formyl peptides activate superoxide anion (O₂ ^–) formation in human neutrophils and in HL-60 cells via pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), and histamine (HA) mediates inhibition of O₂ ^– formation via H₂-receptors. We have studied the effects of lipophilic arpromidine-derived guanidines, which are potent, full H₂-receptor agonists in the guinea pig atrium, on O₂ ^– formation and on activation of G-proteins in HL-60 membranes and on purified G-proteins. We have also studied the effects of a HA trifluoromethyl-toluidide derivative (HTMT), a cationic-amphiphilic HA derivative which activates O₂ ^– formation in HL-60 cells through a mechanism which is independent of known HA receptor subtypes, on G-protein activation. Guanidines, at concentrations, up to 30 mol/l inhibited and, at concentrations above 30 mol/l, enhanced formyl peptide-induce O₂ ^– formation in neutrophils. In HL-60 cells, guanidines per se activated O₂ ^– formation. The stimulatory effects of guanidines on O₂ ^– formation were not inhibited by H₁- or H₂-receptor antagonists. In HL-60 membranes, guanidines and HTMT, activated high-affinity GTPase in a PTX-sensitive manner. These substances also increased GTP hydrolysis effected by transducin and G_i/G_o-proteins. Our data suggest that lipophilic guanidines and HTMT may act as receptor-independent activators of PTX-sensitive G-proteins, resulting in stimulation of O ₂ ^– formation.     

腺苷心肌保护液对离体大鼠心肌能量代谢及离子含量的影响

为观察腺苷心肌保护液对大鼠心肌ＡＴＰ及离子含量的影响, 采用离体大鼠工作心脏缺氧停搏１２０ ｍ ｉｎ, 采用高钾、高钾＋ 腺苷及腺苷停搏液进行心肌保护。发现停搏末含腺苷的两组ＡＴＰ含量明显高于高钾组, 且复灌后进一步恢复; 各离子含量均能保持平稳。高钾组复灌后细胞内Ｎａ＋ 、Ｃａ２＋ 明显增高伴Ｍｇ２＋ 的减少。结果表明： 腺苷心肌保护液能够改善心肌能量代谢, 维持停搏期间及复灌后细胞内离子含量的稳定, 对缺氧心肌发挥保护作用     

离子通道门控动力学研究

报道作者近期在离子通道动力学方面所作的研究工作。以膜片钳记录信号的自相关函数为基础,证实了离子通道记忆性的存在,并提出两状态非线性随机模型和镶嵌点过程模型,用于描述记忆性和门控动力学的特征,这样做可以克服Ｍａｒｋｏｖ模型和分形模型所遇到的３项困难,即状态不可辨认性、开关判定的主观性和时间间隔疏漏。另外,作者还提出了连续分组平均时间检测法,帮助确定Ｍａｒｋｏｖ模型中状态的个数,与多指数拟合法相比,此方法更直观和易于操作     

大鼠纹状体边缘区神经元中乙酰胆碱激活的离子通道特性

用细胞贴附式膜片钳技术研究了急性分离的新生SD大鼠纹状体边缘区神经元中乙酰胆碱激活的离子通道的特性。发现通道有25PS和60PS两种电导状态,25PS通道为主要类型,因此,本文主要报道25PS通道的特性。ACh激活的单通道电流为快速内向电流,随着超极化程度增加而增加,反转电位约为0mV。通道开放具单个开放和簇状开放,其开放时间均可权指数拟和,单个开放时间常数为0．29ms和1.84ms,簇状开放时间常数为1．96ms和18.24ms。平均关闭时间也可双指数拟和,两个时间常数为1．70ms和54．00ms。通道开放概率为0．012,未表现出电压依赖性。提示纹状体边缘区神经元上存在乙酸胆碱受体离子通道。根据特性证实为烟碱型离子通道。