??Oral implant-related infection has already become an important factor affecting implant osseointegration so far. In order to decrease the incidence of infection??implant surface modification coating with antibacterial properties has been researched intensely in recent years. In this paper??classification of different implant surface antimicrobial coating and research status both in the antibacterial mechanism and clinical applications of various types were reviewed. 相似文献
ObjectiveDental plaque is a causative factor for oral disease and a potential reservoir for respiratory infection in the elderly. Therefore, there is a critical need for the development of effective methods to remove oral biofilm. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of proteases on oral biofilm formation andremoval.DesignThe in vivo effect of actinidin, a cysteine protease, on the removal of tongue coating was assessed after orally taking a protease tablet. Effects of the proteases trypsin, papain and actinidin on Actinomyces monospecies biofilm and multispecies biofilm that was reconstructed using a plaque sample from the tongue coating were investigated using the microtiter plate method. Antimicrobial tests and limited proteolysis of fimbrial shaft proteins were also performed to clarify underlying mechanisms of oral biofilm removal.ResultsTablets containing actinidin removed tongue coating in elderly subjects. Oral Actinomyces biofilm was significantly reduced by the proteases papain, actinidin and trypsin. Papain and trypsin effectively digested the major fimbrial proteins, FimP and FimA, from Actinomyces. Actinidin, papain and trypsin reduced multispecies biofilm that was reconstructed in vitro. Papain and trypsin inhibited formation of multispecies biofilm in vitro.ConclusionsThis study shows that proteases reduced oral biofilm in vivo in elderly subjects and in vitro, and suggests that protease digests fimbriae and inhibits biofilm formation. 相似文献
DESIGN: Prospective randomized, multicentre study.RATIONALE: Recanalisation of the culprit lesion is the main goal of primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. With the exception of cardiogenic shock, staged procedures are performed in the presence of multivessel disease. The study hypothesis is that with modern non-thrombogenic stents (heparin coated) complete revascularization with multivessel treatment can be safely achieved during the primary angioplasty procedure with a lower need of subsequent revascularization procedures and at a lower cost.ENDPOINTS: PRIMARY: 12-month incidence of repeat revascularization (any revascularization, infarct related artery as well as non-infarct-related artery). SECONDARY: (1) in hospital repeat revascularization, reinfarction and death; (2) total hospital cost (including a 12 months follow-up period).METHODS: 69 patients with ST elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), <12 hours after symptoms onset, undergoing primary angioplasty, with documented multivessel disease and both culprit lesion and 1 to 3 other lesions suitable for stent implantation. Unbalanced randomization between culprit lesion treatment only (n??=?17) and complete multivessel treatment (n?=?52, with 71 additional lesions treated).RESULTS: The two groups were well balanced in terms of clinical characteristics, number of diseased vessels and angiographic characteristics of the culprit lesion. In the complete multivessel treatment group 2.36?±?0.64 lesions per patient were treated using 2.73?±?0.78 heparin coated stents (1.00 lesions and 1.29?±?0.61 stents in the culprit treatment group, bothp?<?0.001). The duration of the procedure increased from 53?±?21?min (culprit treatment group) to 69?±?32?min (p?=?0.032) and the amount of contrast used from 242?±?102?ml (culprit treatment group) to 341?± 163?ml (multivessel complete treatment),p?=?0.025. A similar low incidence of in-hospital major adverse cardiac events was observed in the 2 groups (0 and 3.8% in culprit and multivessel treatment groups,p?=?0.164). The increase in the incidence of new revascularisation in the culprit treatment group at 12 month follow-up was not significant (35 vs 17%,p?=?0.247) but was sufficient to compensate the initial higher in-hospital cost, with a similar 12 month hospital cost in the 2 groups (€22 330?±?€13 653 vs €20 382?±?€11 671,p?=?0.231).CONCLUSION: Multivessel treatment during primary PTCA was safe in this controlled trial. However, when only the culprit lesion was initially treated, the need for subsequent clinically driven revascularization remained low and no clinical or economical advantages were obtainable with a more aggressive initial approach. In clinical practice, a staged approach to multivessel treatment during primary angioplasty avoids to treat unnecessarily non clinically relevant lesions. (Int J Cardiovasc Intervent 2004; 6: 128-133)相似文献
Colloidal monolayers represent a versatile material class to fabricate nanostructures with high quality. The length scale of the nanostructured film is given by the size of the colloidal nanoparticles. Importantly, colloidal monolayers, though being of hexagonally close packed symmetry, still embody a high amount of free volume. This reduces the effective refractive index of thin colloidal monolayer films significantly. For particles and periodicities <200 nm, the heterogeneous layer can be approximated by an effective medium theory. The amount of free volume can be further fine‐tuned by a controlled size reduction of the constituting spheres, for instance by plasma etching. This can be utilized to realize an optimum refractive index for the application of colloidal monolayers as antireflective (AR) coatings. In contrast, previously reported >200 nm monolayers demonstrate distinct extinction peaks due to grating diffraction. Rational design by the use of differently sized particles further allows shifting the best performance across the visible spectrum. Colloidal monolayers, though representing single‐layer AR coatings, exhibit broadband AR properties and are ideally suited to demonstrate the influence of refractive index and layer thickness, independently.
The aim of the investigation was to develop the use of topographic and nano-adhesion atomic force microscopy(AFM) studies as a means of monitoring the coalescence of latex particles within films produced from a pharmaceutically relevant aqueous dispersion(Eudragit~?NE30 D). Films were prepared via spin coating and analysed using AFM, initially via tapping mode for topographic assessment followed by force-distance measurements which allowed assessment of site-specific adhesion. The results showed that colloidal particles were clearly observed topographically in freshly prepared samples, with coalescence detected on curing via the disappearance of discernible surface features and a decrease in roughness indices. The effects of temperature and humidity on film curing were also studied, with the former having the most pronounced effect. AFM force measurements showed that the variation in adhesive force reduced with increasing curing time, suggesting a novel method of quantifying the rate of film formation upon curing. It was concluded that the AFM methods outlined in this study may be used as a means of qualitatively and quantitatively monitoring the curing of pharmaceutical films as a function of time and other variables, thereby facilitating rational design of curing protocols. 相似文献
AbstractCatheters are widely used and play an important role in medicine. However, catheter-associated infection is prevalent even under stringent sterile conditions. Biofilms are formed when bacteria populate the surfaces of catheters. This makes the biofilm resistant to antibiotics. Hence, it is imperative for there to be an inherently antifouling and anti-bacterial catheter to mitigate the formation of biofilm. This paper aims to outline the synthesis of non-leachable anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial cationic film coatings through direct polymerization using supplemental activator and reducing agent surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SARA SI-ATRP). Three crosslinked cationic coatings comprising of Diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC), or ε-poly-L-lysine HCl methacrylic acid (EPL-MA) together with a crosslinker (polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, PEGDMA) were investigated. These non-leachable covalently linked coatings with DADMAC can achieve more than 2 log reduction (99.0%) with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 1.25 log reduction (94.4%) with Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in in vitro studies. 相似文献
ObjectivesCandida albicanscolonizes biomaterial surfaces and are highly resistant to therapeutics. Graphene nanocoating on titanium compromises initial biofilm formation. However, its sustained antibiofilm potential is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of graphene nanocoating to decrease long-term fungal biofilm development and hyphae growth on titanium.MethodsGraphene nanocoating was deposited twice (TiGD) or five times (TiGV) on grade 4 titanium with vacuum assisted technique and characterized with Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. The biofilm formation and hyphae growth of C. albicans was monitored for seven days by CFU, XTT, confocal, mean cell density and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Uncoated titanium was the Control. All tests had three independent biological samples and were performed in independent triplicates. Data was analyzed with one- or two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α = 0.05).ResultsBoth TiGD and TiGV presented less biofilms at all times points compared with Control. The confocal and SEM images revealed few adhered cells on graphene coated samples, absence of hyphae and no features of a mature biofilm architecture. The increase in number of layers of graphene nanocoating did not improve its antibiofilm potential.SignificanceThe graphene nanocoating exerted a long-term persistent inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation on titanium. The fewer cells that were able to attach on graphene coated titanium were scattered and unable to form a mature biofilm with hyphae elements. The findings open opportunities to prevent microbial attachment and proliferation on implantable materials without the use of antibiotics. 相似文献