Distally based perforator flaps for reconstruction of post-traumatic defects of the lower leg and foot. A review of the anatomy and clinical outcomes

Study aims

To report the surgical anatomy of the perforator arteries at the lower leg, analyse clinical outcomes in previous studies, and forward methodological recommendations for future studies of post-traumatic perforator flap reconstructions.

Methods

A study sample of 640 human patients drawn from 24 clinical reports was included for review. The sample comprised of four subsets: sural flap reconstructions (n = 257), saphenous flaps (n = 122), supramalleolar flaps (n = 92), and propeller flaps (n = 169).

Results

Statistical analysis of samples from anatomical studies documents significant differences in the perforator distribution from the tibial and peroneal artery; peroneal perforator arteries are randomly organised whereas tibial artery perforators are clustered at three definite levels. The failure rates in clinical studies ranged from 0% to 6%, being lowest for supramalleolar flap reconstructions and highest for saphenous flaps; however, differences between the four subsets were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Due to methodological flaws, outcome comparisons in the actual study sample should be interpreted cautiously; in most clinical studies both risk variables and outcome indicators are poorly defined. The outcome of Dynamic Infrared Thermography imaging of post-transposition changes of flap perfusion is reported.

Summary

Fasciocutaneous perforator flaps seem to have high survival rates and represent a feasible approach to post-traumatic reconstructions, especially in low-resource settings. A template for data gathering is recommended for higher accuracy in future comparative studies, and for scientific analysis of success and risk factors. New imaging techniques indicate a promising potential of micro-circular angiogenesis during the first two weeks after flap transpose.     

早发性脊柱侧凸生长棒治疗技术的研究进展

早发性脊柱侧凸的矫形治疗是世界性难题,近年来随着生长棒技术的临床应用及发展,为脊柱侧凸的矫形开辟了一条新途径.本文回顾生长棒在治疗早发性脊柱侧凸的发展历程并进行综述.     

A primer for workers' compensation

Background contextA physician's role within a workers' compensation injury extends far beyond just evaluation and treatment with several socioeconomic and psychological factors at play compared with similar injuries occurring outside of the workplace. Although workers' compensation statutes vary among states, all have several basic features with the overall goal of returning the injured worker to maximal function in the shortest time period, with the least residual disability and shortest time away from work.PurposeTo help physicians unfamiliar with the workers' compensation process accomplish these goals.Study designReview.MethodsEducational review.ResultsThe streamlined review addresses the topics of why is workers' compensation necessary; what does workers' compensation cover; progression after work injury; impairment and maximum medical improvement, including how to use the sixth edition of American Medical Association's (AMA) Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment (Guides); completion of work injury claim after impairment rating; independent medical evaluation; and causation.ConclusionsIn the “no-fault” workers' compensation system, physicians play a key role in progressing the claim along and, more importantly, getting the injured worker back to work as soon as safely possible. Physicians should remain familiar with the workers' compensation process, along with how to properly use the AMA Guides.     

梗阻性黄疸致肝细胞凋亡的研究进展

梗阻性黄疸可以启动肝细胞的凋亡程序,且有多种因素参与了梗阻性黄疸时肝细胞凋亡的发生过程,研究其机制对于梗阻性黄疸肝损伤的防治有着重要的意义,笔者就梗阻性黄疸时肝细胞凋亡的发生机制作一综述。     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊断和治疗进展

神经内分泌肿瘤发病率较低,无特异性症状,且对其研究和认识尚不足,导致该类疾病患者的生存期近30年来无明显改善。笔者结合美国国立癌症网络（NCCN）指南,欧洲神经内分泌肿瘤协会（ENETS）共识及北美神经内分泌肿瘤协会（NANETS）共识就胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的疾病特点及诊断治疗进行综述,以提高对胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的认识。     

Micropapillary bladder cancer: Current treatment patterns and review of the literature

ObjectivesNo guidelines exist for the management of micropapillary bladder cancer (MPBC) and most reports of this variant of urothelial carcinoma are case series comprising small numbers of patients. We sought to determine current practice patterns for MPBC using a survey sent to the Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) and to present those results in the setting of a comprehensive review of the existing literature.Materials and methodsA survey developed by the Translational Science Working Group of the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network–sponsored Think Tank meeting was distributed to members of the SUO. The results from 118 respondents were analyzed and presented with a literature review.ResultsMost survey respondents were urologists, with 80% considering bladder cancer their primary area of interest. Although 78% of the respondents reported a dedicated genitourinary pathologist at their institution, there were discrepant opinions on how a pathologic diagnosis of MPBC is determined as well as variability on the proportion of MPBC that is clinically significant. Among them, 78% treat MPBC differently than conventional urothelial carcinoma, with 81% reporting that they would treat cT1 MPBC with upfront radical cystectomy. However, the respondents had split opinions regarding the sensitivity of MPBC to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, which affected utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive disease.ConclusionsThe management of MPBC is diverse among members of the SUO. Although most favors early cystectomy for cT1 MPBC, there is no consensus on the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive MPBC.     

Evaluation of Non Diseased Specified Outcome Measures in Hand Injuries to Assess Activity and Participation Based on ICF Content

The objective of the study is to provide information about non disease specified outcome measures which evaluate disability in patients who have impairments in hand and upper extremity and to find the extent to which they are evaluating “disability” based on ICF hand Core Set (activity limitation and participation restriction). MEDLINE, CINAHL, GOOGLE SCHOLAR , OVID and SCIENCE DIRECT databases were systematically searched for studies on non disease specified outcome measures used to evaluate upper extremity function; only studies written in English were considered. We reviewed titles and abstracts of the identified studies to determine whether the studies met predefined eligibility criteria (eg, non disease specified out come measures used in hand injured patients). All the outcome measures which had eligibility included. After full text review ,7 non disease specified outcome measures in hand were identified. Studies were extracted, and the information retrieved from them. All the outcome measures which had incuded, were linked with ICF hand core set disability part (activity and participation). All of them only linked to 16 (42 %) components of ICF hand Core Set, which were most activity and less participation from ICF. None of the non disease specified out come measures in hand injuries cover all domains of disability from the ICF Hand Core Set.     

下肢慢性静脉性溃疡病因学的研究进展

下肢慢性静脉溃疡（CVLU）是下肢慢性静脉功能不全（CVI）最严重和难治的并发症,以下肢静脉系统持续高压为特征,其临床主要表现为皮肤破溃、下肢疼痛,常伴随有下肢静脉曲张及皮肤色素沉着等症状,多好发于小腿中下段前内侧、外踝以及足背,常为单发,也可为多发,久治不愈或是反复发作,给患者的生活及工作造成极大的影响,甚至使其丧失劳动能力,严重地影响了患者的健康,降低了患者的生活质量。高发病率、难治性及高复发率使CVLU成为临床工作中较为棘手的问题,其致病危险因素较多且复杂,病因及发病机制尚未完全统一,迄今已有多种不同的解释和理论,本文就近年来CVLU病因学的研究进展作一综述。     

峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗进展

峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症是一种常见的脊柱退行性疾病,严重影响人们的生活质量。目前腰椎滑脱的手术治疗指征已基本形成共识,针对该病的手术方案主要是峡部修补、椎管减压、滑脱复位、脊柱融合,治疗原则主要是缓解神经压迫、恢复脊柱稳定,但对于各环节实施的具体方式及程度仍存在较大争议。开放手术能够对严重峡部裂腰椎滑脱进行彻底的减压、复位、融合,重建脊柱的稳定性,但手术创伤过大,而微创手术则可以减少对椎旁软组织的损伤,同时减少术中失血量,缩短术后住院及康复时间,降低术中、术后相关并发症的发生率,因而近年来也受到了越来越多临床医生的推崇,但对于重度峡部裂腰椎滑脱的治疗效果欠佳。现就近年来腰椎滑脱的手术治疗进展做一综述。