实时荧光定量PCR法检测治疗后龈下菌斑中优势菌的变化

目的：运用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测慢性牙周炎患者治疗前、后龈下菌斑中牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Pg)和中间普氏菌(Pi)的拷贝数,以了解qRT-PCR对2种牙周致病菌检测的敏感性和牙周治疗的疗效。方法：选取62例中、重度牙周炎患者,分别采用龈下刮治、牙周袋内盐酸米诺环素软膏(派丽奥)给药和两者综合治疗,采集治疗前、后(7d)龈下菌斑,提取细菌基因组DNA,合成针对Pg和Pi的16S rRNA基因的特异引物,运用qRT-PCR法检测Pg和Pi的拷贝数。采用SAS 9.1.3软件包对数据进行Kruskal-Wallis和 Wilcoxon 秩和检验。结果：Pg、Pi在不同样品组中检测到的绝对拷贝数数量分别为103～106和102～106,在慢性牙周炎患者龈下菌斑中的检出率和绝对拷贝数量显著高于健康对照组(P<0.05);3组治疗后的Pg数量比治疗前下降,其中综合治疗组和派丽奥治疗组下降率显著高于龈下刮治组。Pi的数量在派丽奥治疗组和龈下刮治组治疗后无显著减少,但在综合治疗组显著下降(P<0.05)。结论：qRT-PCR法能快速鉴定和精确定量Pg和Pi;综合治疗法比单一疗法能更有效抑制Pg和Pi。     

Toll‐Like Receptor 2 Knockdown Modulates Interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 but not Stromal Derived Factor‐1 (SDF‐1/CXCL12) in Human Periodontal Ligament and Gingival Fibroblasts

Background: Fibroblasts are now seen as active components of the immune response because these cells express Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, and mediate the production of cytokines and chemokines during inflammation. The innate host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis is unusual inasmuch as different studies have reported that it can be an agonist for Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and an antagonist or agonist for Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). This study investigates and compares whether signaling through TLR2 or TLR4 could affect the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and stromal derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1/CXCL12) in both human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF). Methods: After small interfering RNA‐mediated silencing of TLR2 and TLR4, HGF and HPDLF from the same donors were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS or with two synthetic ligands of TLR2, Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, for 6 hours. IL‐6, IL‐8, and CXCL12 mRNA expression and protein secretion were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: TLR2 mRNA expression was upregulated in HGF but not in HPDLF by all the stimuli applied. Knockdown of TLR2 decreased IL‐6 and IL‐8 in response to P. gingivalis LPS, or Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, in a similar manner in both fibroblasts subpopulations. Conversely, CXCL12 remained unchanged by TLR2 or TLR4 silencing. Conclusion: These results suggest that signaling through TLR2 by gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts can control the secretion of IL‐6 and IL‐8, which contribute to periodontal pathogenesis, but do not interfere with CXCL12 levels, an important chemokine in the repair process.     

淫羊藿苷抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌超声提取物对人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨保护素表达的影响

目的 探讨不同浓度淫羊藿苷抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌超声提取物对人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨保护素（OPG）表达的影响.方法 体外培养人牙周膜细胞,用四唑盐（MTT）法检测不同浓度淫羊藿苷（0、0.001、0.01、0.1、1 μg/ml）及50μg/ml牙龈卟啉单胞菌超声提取物,不同时间（24、48、72h）作用下人牙周膜细胞的增殖水平.用RT-PCR及Western blot检测48h人牙周膜细胞骨保护素mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果 淫羊藿苷从0.01～1μg/ml对人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨保护素mRNA和蛋白的表达有促进作用（P＜0.01）,浓度为0.1μg/ml作用最显著.结论 淫羊藿苷可抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌超声提取物对人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨保护素mRNA和蛋白表达的影响,促进人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨保护素mRNA和蛋白表达.     

Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae induce unique dendritic cell subsets via Toll-like receptor 2

Backgound and Objective:  Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the activation of T cells as well as in shaping immune responses. We have reported previously that Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides ( Pg LPS) induced a CD14⁺CD16⁺ DC subset with a weak immuno-stimulatory activity. In contrast, Escherichia coli LPS ( Ec LPS) induced fully matured DCs with strong immunostimulatory activities. Since Pg LPS as well as Pg fimbriae have been indicated to work as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands, we speculate that the TLR usage of bacterial antigens may be critical for DC maturation.
Material and Methods:  We investigated the effect of Pg fimbriae on the phenotype and function of human peripheral blood DCs in comparison with a TLR2 ligand, peptidoglycan, and a TLR4 ligand, Ec LPS.
Results:  Flow cytometry revealed that Pg fimbriae and peptidoglycan but not Ec LPS induced CD14 and CD16 expression on peripheral blood DCs (CD14⁻CD16⁻). A monoclonal antibody against TLR2 abrogated this induction, but an antibody against TLR4 had no effect. Dendritic cells stimulated with Pg fimbriae had a weaker capability to induce allogenic T cell proliferation and exhibited a weaker production of interleukin-8 and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) than DCs stimulated with Ec LPS.
Conclusion:  These results indicate that different TLR usage affects mature DC phenotype and function and is thus crucial to the regulation of immunity to the pathogen.     

Zinc and copper play a role in coaggregation inhibiting action of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Background/aim:  We investigated the mechanisms of adherence of salivary and serum proteins, which mimic gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), to Porphyromonas gingivalis , and the effects of these adhered proteins on coaggregation and hemagglutination properties.
Methods:  The amounts of salivary and serum proteins adhering to P. gingivalis were determined using ³H-labeled and non-labeled proteins. The coaggregation between P. gingivalis and Streptococcus oralis or Streptococcus gordonii was observed. Hemagglutination was evaluated using sheep erythrocytes. Proteins that interacted with zinc or copper in saliva and serum and on P. gingivalis were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Results:  The amount of salivary or serum proteins that adhered to the surface of P. gingivalis strains was increased by cations, especially zinc and copper ions. The pretreatment of bacterial cells with salivary or serum proteins before the assay inhibited coaggregation with gram-positive bacteria and hemagglutination. These phenomena were enhanced by the presence of zinc or copper ions during the pretreatment of P. gingivalis with proteins. We detected protein bands that were related to these cations in saliva and serum and on P. gingivalis.
Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that zinc and copper ions markedly enhanced the adhesion and accumulation of salivary and serum proteins on cells of P. gingivalis and inhibited the coaggregation and hemagglutination of P. gingivalis . These cations might be useful for limiting the settlement of P. gingivalis in the gingival sulcus with the goal of preventing periodontal disease.     

赤藓糖醇对牙周致病菌抗菌性能的影响

目的 研究赤藓糖醇对牙周致病菌牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis,Pg)、 伴放线聚集杆菌(Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aa)和粘性放线菌（Actinomyces viscous,Av）生长的影响,探讨不同浓度赤藓糖醇作用后的Pg对牙周膜细胞炎症相关细胞因子mRNA表达水平的影响。方法 将Pg、Aa、Av 3种致病菌接种于0、2、4、8、16、32、64、128 g/L的赤藓糖醇-BHI液中,37℃厌氧培养一定时间,检测其最低抑菌浓度。将Pg分别接种于MIC、1/2、1/4、1/8 MIC 4个赤藓糖醇质量浓度的培养基以及不含赤藓糖醇的培养基,离心并清洗后,加入细胞DMEM培养基重悬,与培养至第4代的人牙周膜细胞共培养24 h,弃上清,裂解细胞,提取总RNA,反转录,实时荧光定量PCR检测IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量。采用SPSS19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 赤藓糖醇对3种细菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为Pg：64 g/L,Aa：128 g/L,Av：128 g/L。不同浓度赤藓糖醇条件下培养的细菌,刺激牙周膜细胞产生IL-1β、IL-6 、TNF-α的能力不同。赤藓糖醇浓度为8 g/L时,炎症因子量与不加赤藓糖醇的对照组无显著差别;浓度升高达到16 g/L时,IL-1β、IL-6 、TNF-αmRNA的相对表达量有所降低,且浓度越高,炎症因子释放越少;但所有实验组炎症因子量始终高于未加细菌的空白对照组（P<0.05）。结论 赤藓糖醇对Pg、 Aa、 Av的生长能力有抑制作用,且在一定范围内,赤藓糖醇质量浓度越高,抑制效果越明显。赤藓糖醇还可通过某种方式对致病菌毒力因子起抑制作用,进而降低Pg的牙周致炎性,减少牙周膜细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量。     

大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对牙龈卟啉单胞菌唾液酸酶活性及其毒力基因表达影响研究

目的    探讨大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对牙龈卟啉单胞菌（P. gingivalis）唾液酸酶活性及其毒力基因表达的影响。方法    使用不同质量浓度的大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（0.2、0.5、2、5、10 mg/mL）处理P. gingivalis W83（实验组）,用未加药物的P. gingivalis W83作对照（对照组）,采用荧光法检测大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对P. gingivalis唾液酸酶活性的作用。5 mg/mL大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷作用于P. gingivalis W83,Real-time PCR法检测毒力基因fimA、fimR、fimS、kgp、rgpA和rgpB的表达情况。结果    大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对P. gingivalis唾液酸酶活性产生了抑制作用,当其质量浓度为0.2、0.5、2、5、10 mg/mL时,对唾液酸酶活性的抑制率分别为11.4%、32.23%、40.21%、73.54%、84.31%。与对照组比较,实验组（5 mg/mL大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷处理）的fimA、fimR、fimS、kgp、rgpA和rgpB基因表达均下降,差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。结论    大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷可有效抑制P. gingivalis唾液酸酶活性,其抑制作用会降低细菌毒力基因表达,有望成为预防及治疗牙周炎的新型药物。     

灌饲牙龈卟啉单胞菌对小鼠肠道炎症影响的研究

目的　研究灌饲牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis,P. gingivalis）对C57bl/6小鼠结肠炎症的诱导作用。方法　将P. gingivalis ATCC33277液体增菌后备用。将15只C57bl/6小鼠适应1周后随机均分为3组,高浓度组灌饲1 × 109 CFU P. gingivalis,低浓度组灌饲1 × 108 CFU P. gingivalis,而对照组则灌饲等量无菌BHI培养液。每只小鼠每天灌饲1次,3周后处死小鼠,采集结肠及脾脏组织,行HE染色观察组织学变化,并采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测结肠组织中CD3抗原（CD3 antigen,epsilon polypeptide,CD3）、受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶C（protein tyrosine phosphatase,receptor type C,B220）、黏附G蛋白偶联受体E1（adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1,F4/80）、转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β）及干扰素-γ（interferon-gamma,IFN-γ）的表达水平。结果　HE染色显示高浓度组小鼠结肠黏膜下结缔组织中淋巴滤泡增多,且高浓度组小鼠脾指数出现增高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。qRT-PCR结果显示,与对照组及低浓度组相比,高浓度组小鼠的结肠组织中B220及TGF-β的表达水平显著增高（P < 0.05）,其余指标表达水平差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论　P. gingivalis可诱导结肠炎症,从而增加牙周病患者对消化系统疾病的易感性,且其可能与牙周病病情的严重程度相关。