应用生理性成骨力值概念治疗骨折与骨不连——兼论MO现象与有效固定

治疗骨折与术后合并的骨不连,至今仍是骨创伤领域的难题之一。研究分析当前的学术思想,探索更接近骨愈合规律的理念与技术,是必然的学术趋势。1当前骨创伤理论与技术1.1AO从20世纪50年代起,AO组织提出解剖复位与骨块间坚强固定与加压的概念。50年间,由于伴随生物材料学的发展和内固定形式的进步,业已成为治疗骨折与骨不连的主要理论与方法,并取得了瞩目的成就,但同时也发现了存在并需继续探讨的若干问题。(1)偏心类的固定模式,如加压钢板,其疗效超越一般非加压性钢板。但同时也发现:①内固定期间,骨质萎缩,骨痂纹理凌乱或难觅骨痂;②钢板…     

Loss of myostatin (GDF8) function increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells but the osteogenic effect is ablated with unloading

Myostatin (GDF8) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and mice lacking myostatin show a significant increase in muscle mass and bone density compared to normal mice. In order to further define the role of myostatin in regulating bone mass we sought to determine if loss of myostatin function significantly altered the potential for osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. We first examined expression of the myostatin receptor, the type IIB activin receptor (AcvrIIB), in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) isolated from mouse long bones. This receptor was found to be expressed at high levels in BMSCs, and we were also able to detect AcvrIIB protein in BMSCs in situ using immunofluorescence. BMSCs isolated from myostatin-deficient mice showed increased osteogenic differentiation compared to wild-type mice; however, treatment of BMSCs from myostatin-deficient mice with recombinant myostatin did not attenuate the osteogenic differentiation of these cells. Loading of BMSCs in vitro increased the expression of osteogenic factors such as BMP-2 and IGF-1, but treatment of BMSCs with recombinant myostatin was found to decrease the expression of these factors. We investigated the effects of myostatin loss-of-function on the differentiation of BMSCs in vivo using hindlimb unloading (7-day tail suspension). Unloading caused a greater increase in marrow adipocyte number, and a greater decrease in osteoblast number, in myostatin-deficient mice than in normal mice. These data suggest that the increased osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs from mice lacking myostatin is load-dependent, and that myostatin may alter the mechanosensitivity of BMSCs by suppressing the expression of osteogenic factors during mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, although myostatin deficiency increases muscle mass and bone strength, it does not prevent muscle and bone catabolism with unloading.     

An iatrogenic proximal radioulnar synostosis: a case report and review of literature

The most common cause of proximal radioulnar synostosis in adults is traumatic, usually after forearm fractures. Disabling complications are mainly loss of rotatory movements of the forearm. Various surgical procedures have been described in the literature to end up in forearm synostosis as a complication. We here presented a rare case of proximal forearm synostosis following a common but improper surgical technique for an olecranon fracture complicated by implant infection. The synostosis was treated by resection and fascia lata interposition graft.     

负载重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2壳聚糖纳米微球的制备及异位成骨活性研究

目的 制备负载重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)的壳聚糖纳米微球,并考察其成骨活性. 方法 应用离子交联法制备空白壳聚糖纳米微球和rhBMP-2壳聚糖纳米微球,应用透射电镜观察微球的形态,激光粒径分析仪测定其粒径的分布,检测其载药量、包封率及累积释药率.取24只SD大鼠,随机分为4组,每组6只.以无菌手术分别在大鼠左侧股部建立肌袋.A组大鼠肌袋内植入rhBMP-2壳聚糖纳米微球(含rhBMP-2 1 mg),B组大鼠肌袋内植入rhBMP-2 1 mg,C组大鼠肌袋内植入空白壳聚糖纳米微球,D组大鼠肌袋内不做任何处理.评估rhBMP-2壳聚糖纳米微球的成骨活性.结果离子交联法制备的壳聚糖纳米微球球形规整、分散均匀,微球平均粒径为230.0 nm,分布较集中,包封率为66.87％±4.58％,载药率为(33.44±2.29) μg/mg.A、B、C、D组的ALP活性平均分别为(1.94±0 35)、(1.48±0.56)、(0.20±0.07)及(0.18±0.06) kat/g,差异有统计学意义(F=42.959,P=0.000),A、B组明显高于C、D组,且A组高于B组.4组钙含量平均分别为(5.20±1.42)、(3.80±1.40)、(0.19±0.08)、(0.20±0.08)μg/mg,差异有统计学意义(F=39.242,P=0.000),A、B组明 显高于C、D组,且A组高于B组. 结论 离子交联法可成功制备出均一的rhBMP-2壳聚糖纳米微球,该微球具有良好的载药性能和缓释性能,且其骨诱导活性优于单纯rhBMP-2.     

成人型成骨不全症1例报告

正患者,女,56岁,因右髋部疼痛伴活动受限2个月余就诊。患者自诉2个月前无明显诱因出现右髋部疼痛,活动受限,不能久行、久立,休息后可缓解。10年前无明显外因出现双侧跟腱断裂;糖尿病史5年;否认外伤史。母亲及妹妹均患有成骨不全症。入院查体:体型矮小,营养尚可,神志清楚,表情自如,回答清楚,查体合作,身高1.55 m。全身皮肤黏膜未见明显异常,头发花白稀疏。巩膜深蓝色(图1a);     

中面部牵引成骨术后眶周结构三维位置变化的评估

目的 观察中面部牵引成骨技术对眼眶周围软、硬组织结构的三维空间位置变化的影响.方法 回顾性分析2003年9月至2006年6月接受Le Fort III型截骨+中面部牵引成骨术的8例Crouzon综合征患者CT数据,平均年龄11.9岁,实施影像三维重建后,采用眶耳平面(术前)作为测量的基准平面,分别选择眶上点、眶下点、眶内缘点、眶外缘点、眼球前点、眼球后点,以及上、下、内、外四直肌与眼球的附着点作为评估标志,以双侧耳门上点连线作为颅底宽度基准,记录各个主要标志点至耳门上点连线的矢状距(y轴向)、垂直距(z轴向)以及眼球前点、眼球后点的水平间距(x轴向)变化,行配对t检验,并与健康对照组比较.结果 牵引成骨术前后眼球前点的y轴向及z轴向位置并没有显著性变化,但x轴向间距变化为-3.40 mm;眶下点移动在y轴向平均12.24 mm,z轴向平均4.25 mm;眶内缘点移动在y轴向平均10.11 mm,z轴向平均2.80 mm;眶外缘点移动在y轴向平均9.86 mm,z轴向平均2.31mm;下直肌支点移动,y轴向平均3.63mm,z轴向平均2.98mm.其余各标记点未见有临床意义的位移变化.结论 以Le Fort III型截骨为主的面中部牵引成骨技术,可以使Crouzon综合征患者的术后眼眶内、外、下侧壁均出现明显的前、下方移位,而患者的眼球没有显著性的矢状向位置变化,仅呈现轻度的内移、下降和前上方旋转.     

The sagittal balance of the spine in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta

In severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple compression fractures of the spine, as well as vertebral height shortening could be responsible for an increased thoracic kyphosis or a diminished lumbar lordosis. Theses progressive changes in sagittal shapes of the trunk could be responsible for a global sagittal trunk imbalance. We compare the parameters of sagittal spinopelvic balance in young patients with OI to those parameters in a control group of healthy volunteers. Eighteen patients with osteogenesis imperfecta were compared to a cohort of 300 healthy volunteers. A standing lateral radiograph of the spine was obtained in a standardized fashion. The sacral slope, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, T1 and T9 sagittal offset were measured using a computer-assisted method. The variations and reciprocal correlations of all parameters in both groups according to each other were studied. Comparison of angular parameters between OI patients and control group showed an increased T1T12 kyphosis in OI patients. T1 and T9 sagittal offset was positive in OI patients and negative in control group. This statistically significant difference among sagittal offsets in both groups indicated that OI patients had a global sagittal balance of the trunk displaced anteriorly when compared to the normal population. Reciprocal correlations between angular parameters in OI patients showed a strong correlation between lumbar lordosis (L1L5 and L1S1) and sacral slope. The T9 sagittal offset was also strongly correlated with pelvic tilt. Pelvic incidence was correlated with L1S1 lordosis, T1 sagittal offset and pelvic tilt. In OI patients, the T1T12 thoracic kyphosis was statistically higher than in control group and was not correlated with other shape (LL) or pelvic (SS, PT or PI) parameters. Because isolated T1T12 kyphosis increase without T4T12 significant modification, we suggest that vertebral deformations worsen in OI patients at the upper part of thoracic spine. Further studies are needed to precise the exact location of most frequent vertebral deformities.     

神经化组织工程骨构建的初步观察

目的评估两种组织工程骨体内神经化重建方法的成骨效果,研究神经化与成骨的相互关系。方法26只新西兰大白兔,其中24只随机分成四组:组织工程骨组(A组),感觉神经束植入组(B组),运动神经束植入组(C组),血管束植入组(D组);另2只为空白对照组。每只动物均制备左侧股骨长1.5cm的段缺性骨与骨膜缺损,钢板固定后骨缺损处分别植入用四种方法制备的组织工程骨。植入的神经分别是隐神经和股神经肌支。术后4、8、12周摄股骨正位X线片,用放射影像学评分和X线阻射影分析比较骨缺损修复情况。结果在组织工程骨中植入感觉神经束后,比单纯组织工程骨和运动神经束植入的修复效果均有明显提高,而在组织工程骨中植入运动神经束与单纯组织工程骨修复骨缺损的效果相比较无明显差异,感觉神经束植入与血管束植入的成骨效果比较无明显差异,血管束植入组的成骨效果优于其它两组。结论利用感觉神经束植入的方法可以提高组织工程骨的成骨作用,而植入运动神经束却无此作用。     

冲击波诱导人骨髓基质细胞成骨分化及机制的研究

目的 观察出生后人骨髓基质细胞(hIMSCs)在体外培养条件下增殖与分化的特点；研究适宜能量冲击波对出生后hMSCs成骨分化的作用及机制。方法 抽取健康自愿者髂骨骨髓，采用密度梯度离心法进行hMSCs体外培养。设冲击波组(SW组)与对照组，应用不同能量级冲击波对SW组原代细胞进行处理，根据细胞活力测定与集落形成数量确定适宜的冲击波能量值。应用适宜的冲击波能量处理hMSCs原代细胞并传代培养，采用倒置显微镜观察、细胞增殖活力测定、ELISA法检测细胞分泌TGF-81、茜素红染色、钙钴法染色、四环素荧光标记、细胞分泌碱性磷酸酶测定和逆转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测骨钙素mRNA表达等方法，对SW组和对照组的各代细胞形态、增殖与分化及其机制进行探讨。结果冲击波处理体外原代培养hMSCs的适宜能量为10kV(500)。SW组细胞在冲击波处理后早期分泌TGF-B1显著高于对照组(P＜0．001)。SW组与对照组细胞在形态学方面第3代前无明显差别；SW组各代细胞分泌碱性磷酸酶显著高于对照组(P＜0．01)；茜素红染色、钙钴法染色、四环素荧光标记等显示SW组细胞的成骨作用明显优于对照组；SW组细胞经冲击波处理后第10天应用RT-PCR方法可以检测到骨钙素mRNA的表达，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0．001)。结论 冲击波对体外培养的出生后人骨髓基质细胞具有促进成骨分化的作用，适宜能量为10kv(500)，其机制之一为TGF-B1介导的促hMSCs成骨分化作用。10kV(500)能量级的冲击波对体外培养的hMSCs增殖无影响，大于该能量的冲击波具有抑制细胞增殖的作用。     

神经植入对大段组织工程骨成骨效果的一年观察

目的 观察在组织工程骨内植入神经束后大段组织工程骨的长期成骨效果.方法 新西兰大白兔64只,随机分为四组:A组,单纯组织工程骨组;B组,运动神经束植入组(股神经肌支);C组,感觉神经束植入组(隐神经);D组,感觉、运动神经束联合植入组.每只动物均在左侧股骨制作长1.5 cm的段缺性骨与骨膜缺损,钢板固定后在骨缺损处分别植入四种方法制备的组织工程骨.术后1、3、6、12个月行大体观察、X线和组织学定量观察成骨情况. 结果 术后1、3、6个月时,在组织工程骨内植入感觉神经或联合植入两种神经后,比单纯组织工程骨和运动神经束植入的修复效果均有明显提高.术后12个月时,各组骨再生情况基本一致,但新生骨组织出现一定程度的吸收,其外观较正常股骨细,新生骨组织与兔股骨牢固愈合,并开始塑形且出现髓腔再通. 结论 在组织工程骨内植入感觉神经可促进成骨,而植入运动神经未见促进作用;组织工程骨可以修复兔大段骨缺损;该实验新生骨组织的吸收可能与模型的制作方法有关.