Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions

Objective:To evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with steel-ligated conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets on halitosis and periodontal health.Materials and Methods:Sixty patients, at the permanent dentition stage aged 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I malocclusion with mild-to-moderate crowding were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria were nonsmokers, without systematic disease, and no use of antibiotics and oral mouth rinses during the 2-month period before the study. The patients were subdivided into three groups randomly: the group treated with conventional brackets (group 1, n  =  20) ligated with steel ligature wires, the group treated with self-ligating brackets (group 2, n  =  20), and the control group (group 3, n  =  20). The periodontal records were obtained 1 week before bonding (T1), immediately before bonding (T2), 1 week after bonding (T3), 4 weeks after bonding (T4), and 8 weeks after bonding (T5). Measurements of the control group were repeated within the same periods. The volatile sulfur components determining halitosis were measured with the Halimeter at T2, T3, T4, and T5. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups statistically.Results:No statistically significant group × time interactions were found for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and halitosis, which means three independent groups change like each other by time. The risk of tongue coating index (TCI) being 2 was 10.2 times higher at T1 than at T5 (P < .001). Therefore, the probability of higher TCI was decreased by time in all groups.Conclusions:The self-ligating brackets do not have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to periodontal status and halitosis.     

异常口气中挥发性硫化物的气相色谱分析研究

目的 对口臭患者口气中挥发性硫化物中的主要成分进行检测分析,并探讨与牙周病的关系。方法 根据相关标准筛选出口臭患者50例,采用气相色谱技术对挥发性硫化物中的主要成分:硫化氢(H2S)和甲硫醇(CH3SH),进行定性定量分析;同时检查记录患者口腔中牙周相关指标,将H2S和CH3SH与牙周相关指标作相关性分析。结果 H2S和CH3SH的浓度随着牙周袋深度和龈沟出血指数的增加而增加,同时CH3SH和H2S的比值也随之增加。结论 H2S和CH3SH的产生与牙周病的发生发展有较密切的联系,CH3SH与牙周病的相关性更大。     

Probiotics—A complete oral healthcare package

Probiotics are living bacterial cells that have significant therapeutic potential for treating human infectious diseases. There is a huge market for probiotics in the pharmaceutical sector. They have been frequently used to treat the gastrointestinal diseases and improve gut immunity. In this review, the strains currently in use for manufacturing oral probiotic formulations are discussed. The review further recommends the use of probiotics for the control of various oral health disorders, like dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, halitosis, burning mouth syndrome, and oral cancer. Finally, this review also explores the use of various commercial probiotic products in maintaining oral health, their market values, and government acts and regulations that are relevant to the production and marketing of probiotics. Probiotics have tremendous therapeutic potential and more in-depth research must be done on these beneficial bacteria to make them one of the leading drugs in treating oral disorders.     

Self-reported halitosis and oral health related quality of life in adolescent students from a suburban community in Nigeria

BackgroundHalitosis is an important cause of impaired quality of life in adolescents. Little is known about the prevalence of self-reported halitosis in adolescents in Nigeria and the extent to which self-reported halitosis impairs their oral health related quality of life.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and impact of self-reported halitosis on the oral health related quality of life of adolescent students in a suburban community in Nigeria.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study. Pre-tested self-administered pro-forma was used to obtain the adolescents'' demographic data and their self-perception of halitosis. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to assess the adolescents'' OHRQoL. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the median OHIP-14 scores between adolescents who reported halitosis and those who did not. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital.ResultsA total of 361 adolescents aged 10 – 19 years (mean age 14.1 ± 1.79 years) took part in the study. Of these, 32.7% (n=118) had self-reported halitosis. The median OHIP-14 score among adolescents with self-reported halitosis was 3 (0–9) while those who did not report halitosis had a median OHIP-14 score of 0 (0 – 5). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.0001).ConclusionSelf-reported halitosis significantly impaired the oral health related quality of life of the adolescents.     

口腔卫生习惯与口臭关系的调查研究

目的 探讨口腔卫生习惯与口臭的关系,了解患者口腔卫生认知的状况,为护士对口臭患者进行个性化口腔卫生宣教提供指导依据,提高口臭的预防和治疗效果,从而提高国民在国际上卫生文明的形象.方法 对牙周科202例患者进行口腔卫生习惯问卷调查,并用感官法(鼻闻)评价口臭程度,将202例患者分为口臭组112例和无口臭组90例,比较口臭组和无口臭组在口腔卫生认知上的差别.结果 2组患者在每日的刷牙次数、时间及是否使用牙缝刷方面比较差异明显.结论 良好的口腔卫生习惯可以减少口臭的发生.

Abstract：

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the oral health habit and halitosis. It can provide an advisory basis for nurse giving individualized oral health instruction to patients of halitosis and can improve the result of prevention and treatment for halitosis accordingly. Methods 202 patients with periodontal disease were chosen to participate in this study. The study included the questionnaire of oral health habit and the halitosis diagnosis by organoleptic assessment.Comparisons of difference in the knowledge of oral health habit between the subjects with and without halitosis were conducted. Results Brushing times in subjects without halitosis were significantly more than that in subjects with halitosis. Brushing teeth in evening and interproximal brush usage were much better in subjects without halitosis than that in subjects with halitosis,respectively. Conclusions Good oral health habits could decrease the incidence of halitosis.     

北京市4个区县人群口臭的自我评价及其影响因素调查

目的 了解普通人群中口臭的自我评价情况,并探讨其影响因素。方法 采用专门设计的问卷,对北京4个城乡区县的2000名居民进行了调查,采用整群随机抽样方法 。问卷内容包括一般情况、疾病史、刷牙习惯、吸烟情况及口臭相关问题等。结果 被调查者中有26.4%的人自我报告患有口臭,44.9%的人不了解口臭的主要病因,59.7%的人被口臭所困扰的时间在3年以上,有20.9%的人不同程度地在各方面受到了口臭影响。27.6%的人试图使用漱口液或口香糖来消除口臭,而想通过看医生来解决问题的人只占到2.5%。对口臭的自我报告率有影响因素的是男性、吸烟者、刷牙习惯不良者和患有全身疾病者。结论 我国普通人群的口臭自我报告率高于其他国家,对口臭相关知识的了解还需进一步提高,男性、吸烟者、城市居民和患有全身疾病者口臭的自我报告率高于其他人群。     

Comparative analysis of some mouthrinses on the production of volatile sulfur-containing compounds

Oral malodor is mainly caused by the presence of volatile sulfur-containing compounds (VSC) produced by proteolytic periodontopathic bacteria in the oral cavity. Different solutions have been used as mouthrinses, trying to reduce malodor, and a large number is on the market. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of three commercially available mouthrinses with a simple inexpensive solution of zinc (zinc acetate 0.1%) on the production of VSC in vivo. Two of the solutions contained triclosan, one of them with fluoride and the other with sodium bicarbonate, and the third one contained herbal components. Seven healthy subjects rinsed with cysteine to induce production of VSC at baseline. After halitosis induction and VSC measurements, the subjects rinsed with the test solution, and mouth air VSC analyses were then performed by means of gas chromatography subsequent to repeated cysteine rinses after 30, 60, and 120 min. The data were calculated as percentage reduction of VSC from baseline. The percentage reduction of VSC decreased over time for all experimental groups. Zinc acetate had clearly the highest percentage reduction, starting from 95.68% at 30 min and with 69.27% after 2 h. The three other mouthrinses produced a VSC reduction of 23.92%-49.86% after 30 min, decreasing to 13.06%-37.09% after 2 h. One-way ANOVA (P = 0.05) was applied, and comparisons showed no differences between the commercially available solutions, but zinc acetate was significantly better than these. It may be concluded that some commercial mouthrinses are markedly less effective than a simple and cheap solution of zinc acetate.     

一枝黄花含漱液在预防全麻术后禁食患者口腔黏膜炎中的应用

目的 探讨一枝黄花含漱液行口腔护理减少全麻术后禁食患者口腔黏膜炎和口臭的可行性.方法 抽取60例全麻术后禁食患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组29例和对照组31例.观察组采用一枝黄花含漱液进行口腔护理;对照组采用0.9％氯化钠溶液进行常规口腔护理.比较两组患者口腔黏膜炎、口臭发生情况.结果 口臭发生情况,观察组术后第4天(-)(+)(++)(+++)口臭分别发生4,24,1,0例,第7天分别发生18,11,0,0例;对照组第4天分别为2,19,8,2例,第7天分别为7,21,2,1例,差异均有统计学意义(X2分别为8.635,10.910;P ＜0.05).口腔黏膜炎发生情况,观察组术后第4天0,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ级口腔黏膜炎分别发生23,5,1,0,0例,第7天分别发生24,4,1,0,0例;对照组第4天分别为16,9,4,1,1例,第7天分别为16,10,4,1,0例,差异均有统计学意义(x2分别为5.052,6.540;P ＜0.05).结论 一枝黄花含漱液行口腔护理可明显降低全麻术后禁食患者口腔黏膜炎、口臭的发生.     

口臭中医证治相应关系的研究

目的探寻基于临床研究证据的口臭中医证治相应关系,为中医治疗口臭和规范化治疗提供借鉴。方法借鉴流行病学和循证医学的思路方法,开展口臭的中医文献研究,梳理口臭证型分布特点及每一证型的用药规律。结果入选的42篇文献中共涉及规范后中医证型28种,前6位的依次是脾胃湿热证、湿热内蕴证、胃火炽盛证、胃肠食积证、肝火犯胃证、肺热证。脾胃湿热证、湿热内蕴证用药中有6味是相同的,即藿香、佩兰、茵陈、黄芩、半夏、甘草;胃火炽盛证、肝火犯胃证用药以黄连、黄芩、陈皮、甘草为共性药物;胃肠食积证以焦三仙、茯苓,肺热证以桑白皮、地骨皮为针对性用药。结论口臭发病实证以湿热为主,虚证以阴虚为主,主要责之于脾胃;在今后口臭的辨证论治中可考虑以用药集中的中药为该证的基础方,在此基础上随证加减,以治病求本为原则。