昆明地区HIV感染高效抗病毒治疗后基因型耐药分析

目的分析昆明地区抗病毒治疗失败艾滋病患者的耐药突变特征及相关影响因素。方法对2012年间在我院进行艾滋病抗病毒治疗满半年以上,病毒量检测大于1 000拷贝/ml并成功扩增样本的63例患者,进行血清的基因型耐药检测,对所得到的HIV-1耐药基因突变情况与患者的性别、感染途径、治疗前CD+4T淋区细胞的计数,抗病毒治疗时间等因素,进行统计学分析。结果其检测出耐药突变33例,占52.3%(33/63)。其中32例对核苷类及非核苷类药物耐药(50%),1例对蛋白抑制剂耐药(1.5%),7例对所有核苷类及非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂耐药,1例对所有核苷类,非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂及蛋白酶抑制剂耐药,6例出现对蛋白酶抑制剂的其他耐药突变。治疗前CD4+T淋巴细胞计数200个/μl患者的耐药发生率大于CD4+T淋巴细胞计数200个/μl的患者,其差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。治疗时间12个月的患者耐药发生率低于治疗12月的患者,其差异有统计学意义(P=0.01)。结论昆明地区抗病毒治疗后产生耐药的艾滋病患者中有20%同时出现对核苷类及非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂的耐药,这部分患者将面临三线药物的使用问题,应该考虑启用三线药物。早治疗和治疗后的耐药监测是治疗成功的关键。     

HIV/AIDS合并HBV/HCV感染者肝损伤临床分析

目的对HIV和（或）AIDS（HIV/AIDS）合并HBV和（或）HCV（HBV/HCV）感染者肝损伤22例进行临床分析。方法回顾性分析22例HIV/AIDS合并HBV/HCV感染者的临床特点及肝损伤情况。结果 22例HIV/AIDS合并HBV/HCV感染者临床表现具有多样性,除多种机会性感染外,HIV/AIDS合并HBV/HCV感染可导致慢性肝损伤,表现为慢性肝炎或肝硬化,从而影响高效抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）的进行。结论对HIV/AIDS合并HBV/HCV感染者要进行全面的检查和肝功能评估,如肝功能较差,在选择和制定HAART方案时,需剔除损伤肝脏的药物;调整HAART方案时,不可随意停用对HBV/HCV病毒有影响的药物,以避免肝损伤的进一步加重。     

Facteurs associés aux perdus de vue des patients sous traitement antirétroviral dans un centre de traitement ambulatoire du VIH à Conakry,Guinée

Background

Late or inadequate therapeutic management increases the risk of mortality associated with HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to analyze the proportion and factors associated with loss of follow-up in HIV patients who receiving antiretroviral therapy at Conakry.

Oral candidosis and oral hairy leukoplakia as predictors of HAART failure in Brazilian HIV-infected patients

INTRODUCTION: Oral candidosis (OC) and hairy leukoplakia (OHL) are important markers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection immune status. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate if OC and/or OHL should be considered clinical predictors of immune and virologic failure on HIV-infected Brazilian adults undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). METHODS: 124 HIV-infected patients who used HAART for a minimum of six months were prospectively evaluated. All of them under-took oral examination and serum CD4+ count and viral load (VL), being divided in two groups, P and A, respectively according to the presence or absence of OC and/or OHL. During a six month period, patients belonging to group A were followed. They were re-examined for new oral lesions. New blood samples were collected and they were subdivided into groups P6 and A6. CD4+ count and VL were compared between groups at baseline and after the six months period. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and relative risk (RR) were obtained in order to assess the accuracy of using OC and OHL as predictors of immune and virologic failure, at baseline and after a six month period. RESULTS: At baseline and after six months, patients with OC and OHL have mean CD4+ count lower and mean VL higher than patients of group A and A6 (p < 0.001). OC had high PPV for immune failure and a moderated PPV for virologic failure. OHL had low PPVs for both measures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: OC and OHL still indicate low serum CD4+ count and high VL, but OC seems to be a better predictor of immune and virologic failure in patients undergoing HAART than OHL.     

Dolutegravir plus lamivudine for the treatment of HIV-1 infection

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Recent data on the 2-drug regimen (2DR) with dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) have shown high efficacy and tolerability both in treatment-naïve and experienced HIV-positive patients. Current guidelines recommend DTG+3TC as an alternative to triple antiretroviral therapy (ART) in selected patients to reduce long-term toxicity and costs.

Areas covered: This review is intended to provide insight about the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a 2DR with DTG+3TC in naïve and treatment-experienced patients.

Expert opinion: Data from clinical trials and from real-life show that DTG+3TC is an effective and safe switch option for the treatment of experienced patients. In treatment-naïve patients, DTG+3TC has shown non-inferiority compared to standard 3-drug regimens but is less effective in severely immunocompromised naïve patients (i.e. with a CD4+ cell count below 200 cell/mm3); furthermore, current guidelines have upgraded this dual regimen to recommended first-line strategy, but indicate that it should not be used without genotypic resistance results. Moreover, this regimen is not feasible for HBV-coinfected individuals and should not be used during pregnancy. Currently, out of 2-drug regimens, DTG+3TC is one of clinicians’ preferred option as it requires no pharmacokinetic booster, has a low risk of drug interaction, and does not require food intake.     

Opportunistic infections and organ‐specific diseases in HIV‐1‐infected children: a cohort study (1990–2006)

Objectives

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically changed the natural history of HIV infection in children, but there are few studies in the literature about the incidence of clinical manifestations after HAART in this population, compared with adults. The aim of this study was to describe the influence of the widespread use of HAART on the development of opportunistic infections and organ‐specific diseases in HIV‐infected children.

Methods

An observational study of a cohort of 366 vertically HIV‐infected children followed from 1990 to 2006 was carried out. According to the main antiretroviral protocol used, three calendar periods (CPs) were defined and compared: CP1 (1990–1996: no patients on HAART), CP2 (1997–1999: <60% on HAART) and CP3 (2000–2006: >60% on HAART).

Results

Children experienced a progressive increase in CD4 T cell count (P<0.05) and a decrease in HIV viral load from 1996 onwards (P<0.05). Similarly, rates of death, AIDS, opportunistic infections (bacteraemia, candidosis, cryptosporidiosis and bacterial pneumonia) and organ‐specific diseases (wasting syndrome, thrombocytopenia, cardiomyopathy, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and HIV‐associated encephalopathy) were lower in CP2 and CP3 than in CP1.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence of improved clinical outcomes in HIV‐infected children over time and shows that mortality, AIDS, opportunistic infections and organ‐specific diseases declined as HAART was progressively instituted in this population.

     

Harm reduction intensity-Its role in HAART adherence amongst drug users in Amsterdam

Background

Opioid substitution treatment seems to improve adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in drug users (DU). DU in Amsterdam receive methadone within a harm reduction programme. We hypothesized that not only receiving methadone, but joining this complete comprehensive programme would improve HAART adherence.

Methods

Included were 102 HIV-positive DU attending the Amsterdam Cohort Study (ACS), reporting HAART use at multiple visits between 1999 and 2009. Non-adherence was defined as taking less than 95% of medication in the past 6 months (self-reported). Harm reduction intensity (HR) was measured by combining injecting drug use, methadone dosage and needle exchange, in different levels of participation, ranging from no/incomplete HR, complete HR to low or no dependence on HR. We studied the association between non-adherence and harm reduction intensities with logistic regression models adjusted for repeated measurements.

Results

Non-adherence was reported in 11.9% of ACS visits. Non-injecting DU with low dependence on HR were less adherent than DU with complete HR (aOR 1.78; CI 95% 1.00-3.16), although there was no overall effect of HR. No difference was demonstrated in adherence between DU with complete HR and incomplete HR. Unsupervised housing (no access to structural support at home) (aOR 2.58; CI 95% 1.40-4.73) and having a steady partner (aOR 0.48; CI 95% 0.24-0.96) were significantly associated with respectively more and less non-adherence.

Conclusions

In Amsterdam, still-injecting DU who are exposed to systematic and integrated care, although not practising complete harm reduction, can be just as adherent to HAART as DU who make use of complete harm reduction and non-injecting DU with no dependence on harm reduction. These findings suggest the importance of a systematic and comprehensive support system including supervised housing and social and medical support to increase HAART adherence rates amongst all HIV-infected DU. When such programmes are introduced in settings where injecting drug use is highly prevalent, access to HAART for drug users in these settings can and should be increased.     

180例HAART致高脂血症的中医证候特点研究

目的:研究HAART致高脂血症的中医临床表现特点和证候要素,探讨证候的特点.方法:多中心、前瞻性收集180例确诊的HAART致高脂血症患者,采用描述性统计和探索性因子分析的方法研究其中医证候的规律和特点.结果:常见的中医症状是疲乏(139例,77.22%)、肢体困重(103例,57.22%)、纳呆(103例,57.22%)、白苔(126例,70.00%)、淡白舌(78例,43.33%)、齿痕舌(68例,37.78%)、滑脉(93例,51.67%)、细脉(92例,51.11%).提取了9个公因子,常见的病位证候要素为脾、肾、心,病性证候要素有气虚、阳虚、血虚、痰浊.结论:研究HAART致高脂血症证候表现与原发性高脂血症不同,病位常见于脾、肾、心,病性多为痰浊或湿浊.