Smoking and crevicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF-a in periodontal disease

Smoking is a well-documented risk factor for periodontal disease, although the mechanisms of its negative influence are not well understood. In the present study, the influence of smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) content of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha was investigated in patients with moderate to severe forms of the disease. The study base consisted of 108 patients including 45 current smokers, 28 former smokers and 35 non-smokers. The median GCF sample levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were 5.0 pg/ml and 61.0 pg/ml, respectively, for current smokers, 13.0 pg/ml and 51.0 pg/ml, respectively, for former smokers, and 10.0 pg/ml and 12.0 pg/ml, respectively, for non-smokers. The differences between smoking groups with regard to IL-6 were not significant suggesting that the IL-6 content was not influenced by smoking. In contrast, the TNF-alpha content was significantly increased in current smokers as compared to non-smokers confirming our previous observations. The present results in patients with moderate to severe periodontal disease may indicate different mediator functions of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in response to smoking.     

牙周炎患者GCF及血清中IL-6测定及其与牙周炎的关系

目的：研究龈沟液（GCF）中白细胞介素－6（IL－6）的来源及其与牙周炎的关系。方法：采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定了72例成人牙周炎，13例牙龈炎，18例健康对照组GCF IL－6含量，及17例牙周炎患者，7例健康人血清IL－6水平。结果：牙周炎患者GCF IL－6水平显著高于健康人，牙周炎患者GCF IL－6II与牙周炎患者血清中IL－6含量有显著性差异，牙龈炎患者血清IL－6含量比正常对照组含量高，牙周炎患者GCF IL－6含量与牙龈炎患者有显著性差异，重度牙周炎患者GCF中IL－6含量高于轻度牙周炎患者，牙周炎患者GCF中IL－6含量与出血指数（BI）、牙周袋深度（PD）、附着丧失（AL）有正相关关系。结论：龈沟液中IL－6主要来源于局部牙龈组织，IL－6在牙周炎的发生，发展过程中起一定作用。     

正畸加力后牙周疼痛与龈沟液中生物活性物质变化的相关研究

目的 观察正畸患者正畸加力后疼痛的时间变化规律，了解正畸加力前后龈沟液中生物活性物质的变化特点，以及两者之间的相关性。方法 采用放射免疫测定法，测定正畸患者50例样本上颌侧切牙受唇向倾斜力前和后12h、24h、48h、72h龈沟液中前列腺素E2(PGE2)、P物质(SP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM—CSF)的浓度变化，记录并描述正畸加力后疼痛的时间规律。对正畸加力后疼痛与生物活性物质的变化进行相关分析。结果 正畸加力后12h左右开始出现疼痛，24h左右疼痛程度最高，72h左右明显减轻。正畸加力后12h左右PGE2、SP、IL-6和GM—CSF的浓度升高，24h后SP、PGE2达到高峰，而IL-6和GM—CSF的浓度无明显变化；72h，IL-6和GM—CSF保持较高水平，而PGEa、SP的浓度明显下降。结论 正畸牙加力后疼痛呈规律性变化，而这种变化与牙周某些局部生物活性物质如SP和PGE2的浓度变化相关。     

牙周非手术治疗对龈沟液MMP-8及其抑制剂TIMP-1水平的影响

目的: 比较慢性牙周炎患者非手术治疗前、后龈沟液MMP-8、TIMP-1水平的变化。方法: 选择慢性中重度牙周炎30例, 治疗前、后临床检查牙龈出血指数(SBI)、菌斑指数(PLI)、探诊深度(PD), 采集龈沟液, 采用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法检测MMP-8、TIMP-1的含量。采用SSPS 19.0软件包对数据进行配对样本t检验和多元相关分析。结果: 治疗后MMP-8、TIMP-1水平显著下降, MMP-8/TIMP-1 比率治疗前、后无显著差异。多元相关分析各变量间相关性, 发现MMP-8和龈沟液重量呈正相关关系。结论: 牙周非手术治疗能显著降低龈沟液MMP-8、TIMP-1水平, 从而减轻牙周组织损伤。     

牙周炎患者龈沟液中sICAM-1含量的研究

目的 :研究牙周炎患者龈沟液可溶性细胞间粘附分子 (sICAM - 1)的含量。方法 :牙周炎患者 15例 ,正常对照20例。用ELISA法检测牙周炎患者龈沟液sICAM - 1的含量。结果 :正常对照龈沟液sICAM - 1含量为145.014±43.745ng/ml,男女间无显著性差异 (p >0.05)。牙周炎患者龈沟液sICAM - 1的含量为23.716±8.195ng/ml,明显低于正常对照 (p <0.01)。结论 :龈沟液sICAM - 1含量的降低与牙周炎有关。     

三种冠边缘设计对龈沟液中内毒素含量的影响

目的:通过测定冠修复前后龈沟液内毒素含量的变化,评价3种冠边缘设计对牙龈状况与龈沟液中内毒素含量的影响。方法:将要求烤瓷熔附金属全冠修复的就诊患者,随机分为A:肩台组、B:浅凹型肩台组、C:刃状边缘组,每组各10例。分别将修复前、修复后1个月、6个月的龈沟液样本内毒素量、龈沟液量及牙龈指数进行比较,统计学处理。结果:3组患牙冠修复后1个月各项指标明显上升。冠修复后6个月A、B两组各项指标下降至接近牙体预备前水平;C组内毒素水平无下降,牙龈指数、龈沟液量与修复后1月相比有所下降但无统计学意义。结论:只要按要求制作,A、B组龈边缘形式的修复均具有良好的效果,修复效果明显优于C组。     

Chemically modified tetracycline-3 (CMT-3): A novel inhibitor of the serine proteinase, elastase

Two classes of enzymes play an important role in connective tissue breakdown during various inflammatory diseases: serine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Tetracyclines (TCs) exhibit important anti-inflammatory and MMP-inhibitory properties that are unrelated to their antibacterial activities. Of the various TCs and their chemically modified NON-antibiotic analogs (CMTs) tested in vitro and in vivo, CMT-3 (6-demethyl-6-deoxy 4 de-dimethylamino tetracycline) has repeatedly been shown to be the most potent inhibitor of MMP activity and cytokine production. In addition to its anti-MMP function, we have shown that among all CMTs, CMT-3 is the only CMT that can also directly inhibit both the amidolytic activity of human leukocyte elastase (HLE, a serine proteinase) and the extracellular matrix degradation mediated by HLE. In addition, CMT-3 has been found to reduce leukocyte elastase activity in vivo in gingival extracts of rats with experimental periodontal disease. Thus, CMT-3 can inhibit pathologic connective tissue breakdown by (at least) two mechanisms: direct inhibition of neutral proteinases (elastase and MMPs); and protecting their endogenous inhibitors, α₁-PI and TIMPs, from being digested and inactivated by MMPs and HLE, respectively. The pleiotropic properties of CMT-3 including (but not limited to) inhibition of serine proteinases, MMPs, and cytokines provide impressive therapeutic potential to reduce excessive connective tissue breakdown during various pathologic processes including inflammatory diseases, cancer metastasis and metabolic bone diseases.     

Meta-analysis of the association between serum and gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-9 and periodontitis

Background

The authors of this meta-analysis evaluated whether there is a difference in the levels of serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 between patients with periodontitis and periodontally healthy control participants.

Diagnostic potential and future directions of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of periodontal diseases: Review of the current evidence

ObjectivesThe holy grail of biomarker research in periodontology is to develop a high impact diagnostics which have a significant impact on clinical decision-making, patient outcomes and healthcare providers. In the field of periodontal diagnostics, oral fluid-based biomarkers have been studied mainly in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva.MethodsA literature search was performed using the Cochrane library and PubMed databases from 2000 to January 2017.ResultsCurrently, there are more than 90 different components in the GCF that have been investigated as diagnostic and prognostic markers of periodontal disease progression involving; inflammatory mediators, markers of oxidative stress, host-derived enzymes, tissue-breakdown products and mediators of bone homeostasis. Furthermore, various biomarkers in saliva have been proposed which reveal a promising outlook for saliva as a key diagnostic medium for periodontal disease. Recent systematic reviews with high value of evidence have shown that potential salivary biomarkers can provide important complimentary diagnostic information and can be used as tests for screening diagnosis, prognosis and predicting periodontal disease progression.ConclusionFuture developments in proteomic analysis and personalized medicine will pave the way allowing novel diagnostic tools. Still, the application into the field of dentistry will depend on how practitioners will apply this into their daily clinical practice.Clinical relevanceStill, the application into the field of dentistry will depend on how practitioners will apply this into their daily clinical practice.     

Evaluation of the effects of 0.05% sodium hypochlorite and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate twice daily rinse on periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid HSV1 and CMV levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: a multicentric study

BackgroundMechanical debridement of periodontal pockets remains the mainstay of therapy in all forms of periodontitis. There is 47% greater reduction in plaque amount when sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is used as an adjunct when compared with water rinsing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0.05% NaOCl and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate twice daily rinse on periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) HSV1 and CMV levels in chronic periodontitis.MethodsPatients assigned to group A were prescribed 0.05% NaOCl mouthwash for twice daily rinse. Patients in group B were prescribed 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash to be used twice daily. Evaluation of periodontal parameters was done at baseline and after six months following therapy. GCF HSV1 and CMV levels were evaluated using a polymerase chain reaction.ResultsA statistically significant difference was noted in the improvement in periodontal parameters between both groups, when evaluated six months following therapy with greater reduction in group A vis-a-vis group B.ConclusionNaOCl when prescribed as a twice daily mouthwash can be recommended as a part of the home care regime in patients with chronic periodontitis. It is more cost-effective, easily available and can be beneficial to the troops in difficult terrains and extremes of climates, where oral healthcare facilities are not easily accessible.