铝电解厂周围地区人群氟斑牙和尿氟水平调查

目的 了解铝电解厂周围地区氟斑牙和尿氟情况.方法 于2001年选择青海省甘河工业区内电解铝厂周边人口较集中的乡镇为调查区,以在当地出生、成长,无工业氟接触史,且年龄≥15岁者12 602人作为调查对象.从调查对象中随机抽取1 766人鉴别诊断氟斑牙;并对饮水、尿样、空气、土壤以及农作物和蔬菜中的氟含量进行了调查.结果 氟斑牙检出率为90.09%,其中轻度为53.51%,中度为36.30%,重度为0.28%.男性尿氟水平均高于女性.尿氟含量随年龄增加而呈上升趋势,呈正相关关系(r=0.914,P＜0.01).小麦籽粒、油菜中的氟化物含量分别为0.106～0.217 mg/kg和0.022～0.510 mg/kg,均低于GB 4809-1984<食品中氟含量标准>(1 mg/kg).土壤氟化物含量为256.0～384.8 mg/kg,均低于西宁盆地栗钙土全国土壤背景值(404.76 mg/kg);空气中氟化物浓度为3.120～11.195μg/(dm2·d),超过GB 3095-1996<环境空气质量标准>二级标准[3.0μg/(dm2·d)].除黄鼠湾村井水为高氟水[(1.394±0.078 mg/L]外,其余水样氟含量为0.062～0.385 mg/L,低于GB 5745-1989<生活饮用水卫生标准>(1.0 mg/L).结论 电解铝厂生产过程导致的空气氟污染可能是该地区人群尿氟含量偏高、氟斑牙发病率高的重要原因.     

2006年浦北县地方性氟中毒调查

[目的]了解浦北县地方性氟中毒(地氟病)现况,为制订地氟病预防措施提供依据。[方法]2006年,对浦北县高发区福旺镇进行调查。[结果]检测55份未进行降氟改水工程的水样,水氟范围为1.39~2.70 mg/L,全部超标;检测2处降氟改水工程的水样8份,水氟为0.20 mg/L,未超标;检查1535名8~12岁儿童,氟斑牙患病率为7.80%,各村患病率为0.85%~8.57%;检查529名16岁以上人群,氟骨症患病率为10.40%。[结论]浦北县地氟病病情相当严重。     

Respiratory health and fluoride exposure in different parts of the modern primary aluminum industry

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate possible acute and long-term respiratory health effects of work at different working places in the primary aluminum industry. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 78 potroom workers, 24 foundry workers, and 45 carbon-plant workers (n = 147, exposed group), and 56 control workers (watchmen, craftsmen, office workers, laboratory employees) of a modern German prebake aluminum plant. The survey consisted of pre- and postshift spirometric and urinary fluoride measurements. Results: Potroom workers had significantly lower preshift results with regard to forced vital capacity (FVC, 99.5% versus the 107.2% predicted; P < 0.05) and peak expiratory flow (PEF, 85.2% versus the 98.4% predicted; P < 0.01) as compared with controls. In a multiple regression model a small but significant negative correlation was found between postshift urinary fluoride concentrations and FVC, FEV₁, and PEF. Across-shift spirometric changes were observed only in FVC among carbon-plant workers (103.0 ± 13.3% predicted preshift value versus 101.2 ± 13.6% predicted postshift value; P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that lung function impairment in the modern primary aluminum industry may be only partly due to fluoride exposure and that working in aluminum carbon plants may cause acute lung function changes. Received: 8 July 1998 / Accepted: 31 October 1998     

60例电解工骨矿物质密度调查

目的了解长期职业接触氟化物对人体骨矿物质密度影响,以便采取相应对策.方法采用法国MEDILINK公司的双能X射线骨密度仪对男性电解工60例进行腰椎和髋关节的骨矿物质密度测量;同时测量同性别、同年龄组无接触工业性氟化物的工人57例.结果接触组骨矿物质密度值为股骨颈(8.49±0.98)kg/m2;腰椎(L3)(8.64±1.25)kg/m2;非接触组为股骨颈(8.54±1.04)kg/m2;L3(8.94±1.15)kg/m2.两者统计学无明显差异.结论氟化物长期接触者骨矿物质密度未发现显著改变.     

小鼠肢芽器官培养研究氟化钠、甲基汞的致畸性

目的研究氟化钠、甲基汞对骨组织的作用，以探讨其致畸性。方法将氟化钠或甲基汞直接加入培养基中，剂量分别为：０、１０、２０、３０或０、０．１０、０．２５、０．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，观察培养后肢体的发育和分化情况，并用图像分析仪测量肢体中各软骨原基的面积和形状。结果（１）随着染氟量的增加，肢体中多数软骨原基的发育和分化越差，面积越小，并对软骨原基的外形发育产生抑制。（２）随着染甲基汞量的增加，肢体中各软骨原基的发育和分化越差，面积越小，并对软骨原基的外形发育产生抑制，爪骨受到的影响比长骨严重，对骨组织的作用比对软组织大。结论过量的氟化钠或甲基汞具有潜在的致畸性。     

The Effect of Fluoride on the Size and Morphology of Apatite Crystals Grown from Physiologic Solutions

In adult human bone, fluoride uptake is accompanied by an increase in apatite crystal size. This increase, however, is not isotropic but is restricted primarily to growth in width and/or thickness, with no measurable change in length. In the present study, seeded growth experiments were conducted in vitro to determine whether this anisotropic effect is physicochemical in origin, i.e., a direct result of F^- selectively enhancing lateral crystal growth, or is an indirect consequence of F^--induced alterations in cellular function and matrix development. The growth reactions were maintained at 37°C under physiologic-like solution conditions (1.33 mmol/liter Ca²⁺, 1.0 mmol/liter total phosphate, 0 or 26 mmol/liter carbonate, 270 mmol/kg osmolality, pH 7.4) using constant-composition methods. When new accretions accumulated to three times the initial seed mass, the solids were collected and net crystal growth was assessed by X-ray diffraction line broadening analysis. The X-ray results revealed that the carbonate constituent in our physiologic-like solutions promoted the proliferation of new crystals at the expense of further growth of the seed apatite. Solution F^- concentrations of ∼2 μmol/liter partially offset the repressive effect that carbonate had on primary crystal growth. Moreover, F^- stimulated seed crystal growth in the same anisotropic manner as had been observed for adult human bone apatite, a finding that suggests that the latter growth in vivo was the consequence, in part, of direct F^--mineral interactions. Received: 14 May 1997 / Accepted: 23 January 1998     

Effects of fluoride on the histoarchitecture of reproductive organs of the male mouse

The effects of sodium flouride (NaF) ingestion in two doses (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days on histology and histocytometry of reproductive organs of the adult male mouse were investigated. In order to study reversibility, treatment was withdrawn for one and two months. The testes, epididymides, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicle were utilized for the study by standard hematoxylin-eosin staining and an ocular eye piece and micrometer scale. NaF treatment caused severe disorganization and denudation of germinal epithelial cells of seminiferous tubules with absence of sperm in the lumina. The Leydig cell and nucleus diameters were not affected. The caput epididymis showed fewer changes than the cauda. However, epithelial cell nuclear pyknosis and absence of luminal sperm were observed. A reduction in epithelial cell height, nuclear pyknosis, denudation of cells, and absence of sperm occurred in the cauda epididymis. The vas deferens epithelium showed nuclear pyknosis, clumped stereocilia, and cell debris but no sperm in the lumen and an increase in the lamina propria. The prostate and seminal vesicles were not affected by treatment. Withdrawal of treatment caused marked recovery in the histoarchitecture of these organs. The effects of NaF treatment are therefore transient and reversible.     

Ingesta de flúor a través del consumo de agua de abastecimiento público en la cohorte INMA-Gipuzkoa

Objective

To estimate fluoride intake through consumption of water from the municipal network in pregnant women and their children from the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort and to compare these intakes with recommended levels. In Euskadi (Spain), fluoridation of drinking water is compulsory in water supplies for more than 30,000 inhabitants.

氟对原代培养大鼠海马细胞NCAM mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨氟对原代大鼠海马细胞生长发育、神经细胞黏附分子（NCAM）mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法 原代培养大鼠海马细胞暴露于20、40和80μg/ml氟化钠24h后,观察染氟前后海马细胞生长情况,采用噻唑蓝比色试验、逆转录-聚合酶链反应和蛋白印迹技术分别检测大鼠海马细胞存活情况、NCAMmRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,80μg/ml剂量组海马细胞数量减少,突起减少、变短,细胞存活率下降。40、80μg/ml剂量组NCAM mRNA水平均显著低于对照组,20μg/ml剂量组NCAM mRNA水平虽与对照组之间差异无统计学意义,但存在下降的趋势,NCAM mRNA水平与氟浓度呈现一定的剂量效应关系,且随染氟浓度升高而降低。40、80μg/ml剂量组细胞NCAM-180蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组,各染氟组细胞NCAM-140蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组,80μg/ml剂量组细胞NCAM-120蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组。结论 氟可抑制海马细胞生长和存活,并使NCAMmRNA和蛋白表达水平下降,氟对发育中海马损伤可能是其神经毒性的作用位点之一。     

"中药硼复方"对摄入过量氟实验大鼠骺板软骨损伤的预防作用

为观察和分析中药硼复方对摄入过量氟实验大鼠骺板软骨损伤的预防作用,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组,过量氟组,中药硼复方预防组,实验后10w测定血清游离氟和骨氟含量,血清硼含量,胫骨纵径横径和重量,肋骨和肋软骨RNA含量,观察胫骨骺板软骨的组织形态学变化,结果显示与对照组比较,过量氟组大鼠血清游离氟和骨氟含量增加,胫骨纵径,横径减轻,干重减轻,肋骨和肋软骨总RNA含量减低,胫骨骺板软骨出现明显病理变化,预防组大鼠较过量氟组大鼠血清游离氟和骨氟含量降低,胫骨纵径,横径和干重及肋骨和肋软骨总RNA含量明显增加,胫骨骺板软骨损害减轻,说明中药硼复方对过量氟实验大鼠骺板软骨损伤有一定的预防作用。