低分子量猪釉原蛋白和氟离子共同作用对磷灰石晶体矿化作用的研究

目的：利用双膜体外矿化模型研究低分子量猪釉原蛋白（LMWPA）与氟离子（F）共同作用对磷灰石晶体矿化的作用。方法：将LMWPA,LMWPA＋1mg／LF,LMWPA＋2mg／LF分别加入双膜系统的反应空间内反应,同时设DDW（双蒸水）,BSA（牛血清白蛋白）,BSA＋1mg／LF,BSA＋2mg／LF组作为对照,37℃,反应3d后,扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析（EDX）,X线衍射法（XRD）检测矿化产物。结果：与空白对照组相比,BSA和LMWPA的加入均能显著改变晶体的形态,但对晶体成份无明显作用,均为磷酸八钙（OCP）。与氟离子共同作用后,LMW—PA组形成了磷灰石晶体,而BSA组则形成了透钙磷石。结论：LMWPA与氟离子的共同作用可能是釉质矿化过程中重要的调控机制。     

含氟牙膏对幼儿尿氟含量影响的初步研究

本实验观察了含氟牙膏对３１名４－５岁幼儿氟化物摄入水平的影响。结果发现幼儿使用含氟牙膏３月后尿氟浓度和２４小时尿氟排泄量为０．９６ｐｐｍ和０．５７ｍｇ;使用不含氟牙膏２月后为０．８４ｐｐｍ和０．４７ｍｇ;统计分析有显著差异。表明使用含氟牙膏可使幼儿氟摄入量增加。     

短期高浓度氟对小鼠磨牙成釉细胞形态及骨形成蛋白-4表达的影响

目的:通过研究短期高浓度氟对小鼠磨牙成釉细胞形态及骨形成蛋白-4(bone morphogenetic protein-4,BMP-4)表达的影响,探讨氟牙症形成的可能机制。方法:选择4d龄的ICR小鼠共32只,随机分为2组,每组16只,再分实验动物和对照动物各半。实验动物单次腹腔注射剂量分别为10mg/kg和20mg/kg的NaF,对照动物单次腹腔注射等剂量的NaCl,注射量均为10μl/g。24h后处死动物。采用HE染色、免疫组化染色观察高浓度氟对小鼠磨牙不同分化阶段成釉细胞形态及BMP-4的表达,采用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行分析。结果:分泌早、晚期和过渡期的成釉细胞对短期暴露高浓度F-敏感,实验动物分泌晚期和过渡期的成釉细胞中BMP-4的表达明显弱于对照动物,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而成熟期成釉细胞未见明显变化。结论:短期高浓度氟可抑制BMP-4在分泌晚期和过渡期成釉细胞中的表达,影响釉质发育。     

Buffering effect of a prophylactic gel on dental plaque

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new prophylactic gel on plaque pH and plaque fluoride concentration. Twelve participants with normal (n=6, ≥0.7 ml/min) and low (n=6, <0.7 ml/min) stimulated whole salivary secretion rate were included. After 3 days of plaque accumulation, at random the participants were (1) treated with Profylin fluoride gel with buffering components (active gel), (2) treated with Profylin fluoride gel without buffering components (placebo gel), (3) asked to rinse with water, and (4) given no treatment. All test series were followed by rinsing with a nutrition solution; after which registration of plaque pH was performed during 60 min. There were two drop outs with low salivary secretion rate in the water session. The overall least pronounced pH fall was found after the use of the prophylactic gel. Significant differences between the prophylactic gel and the placebo gel were found for the participants with normal secretion rate. Fluoride plaque concentrations evaluated in 12 individuals after (1) application of the active gel, (2) rinsing with 0.2% NaF, and (3) rinsing with water showed significantly higher values after rinsing with the NaF solution. It can be concluded that application of the active gel, particularly in subjects with normal salivary secretion rate, in general, buffered plaque pH to higher levels. Factors like concentration of buffering agent and solubility of the gel need to be further evaluated to improve the effect.     

Electrochemical release testing of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires in artificial saliva using thin layer activation

Alloys based on Ni–Ti intermetallics generally exhibit special shape memory and pseudoelastic properties, which make them desirable for use in the dental field as orthodontic wires. The possibility of nickel release from these materials is of high concern, because the allergenicity of this element. The aim of this study was to test pseudoelastic Ni–Ti wires in simulated physiological conditions, investigating the combined effect of strain and fluoridated media: the wires were examined both under strained (5% tensile strain) and unstrained conditions, in fluoridated artificial saliva at 37 °C. Real time electrochemical nickel release testing was performed using a novel application of a radiotracer based method, thin layer activation (TLA). TLA was validated, in unstrained conditions, against adsorptive stripping voltammetry methodology. Control tests were also performed in non-fluoridated artificial saliva. From our research it transpired that the corrosion behaviour of Ni–Ti alloy is highly affected by the fluoride content, showing a release of 4.79 ± 0.10 μg/cm²/day, but, differently from other biomaterials, it does not seem to be affected by elastic tensile strain. The application of the TLA method in the biomedical field appears a suitable technique to monitor in real time the corrosion behaviour of biomedical devices.     

Integrating micro CT indices,CT imaging and computational modelling to assess the mechanical performance of fluoride treated bone

In this study we evaluate the influence of low-dose fluoride treatment on 23 patient biopsies. Computational finite element (FE) models of each biopsy were subjected to a range of loads including compression, shear and torsion. The modelling framework was validated against three 3D printed models with known material properties subjected to compression till failure using an Instron machine. The primary outcomes from this study were that mechanical strength was not significantly correlated to low-dose (<10 mg/day) of fluoride levels (one-way ANOVA, P-values of 0.78, 0.69 and 0.62 for compression, shear and torsion, respectively). However, when bulk bone material properties were derived from DXA bone mineral density (BMD) from each patient's proximal femur a non-significant linear decline in mechanical strength with increase in fluoride was predicted. When the same material property was used for all bones (to evaluate bone architecture influence) then mechanical strength showed a characteristic concave upwards trend, consistent with the variation of micro CT derived percentage bone volume (BV/TV). The secondary outcomes from this study were that in compression, BV/TV was observed to be a strong surrogate measure for mechanical strength (R² = 0.83), while bone surface density (R² = 0.6), trabecular thickness (R² = 0.5) and intersection surface (R² = 0.6) also explained the variation of mechanical strength well. However, trabecular separation and trabecular number were mildly correlated with mechanical strength (R² of 0.31 and 0.35, respectively). Compression was the loading mode most strongly correlated to micro CT indices. Material properties adapted from the proximal femur reduced the CT index correlations by up to 58% indicating that bulk density from a near proximity is a poor representation of specific localised density. Substituting the 3D micro CT indices with 2D histomorphometric data decreased correlations by at least 33% indicating that structural identification on a plane is not representative of the full 3D architecture necessary for a complete bone strength analysis. The presented computational framework may be used to assess the roles that bone architecture and loading modes play in bone quality, and which micro CT indices are good surrogate measures for mechanical strength.     

Extended treatment of primary osteoporosis by sodium fluoride combined with 25 hydroxycholecalciferol

Summary Nineteen patients suffering from primary osteoporosis, all having at least one vertebral collapse, initially received 50 mg of sodium fluoride alone per day for 6–18 months. Subsequently fluoride was associated with 25–50g of 25 OH cholecalciferol (calcifediol) per day for 6–18 months in 12 of these patients and 9 were treated for 31–58 months. As control group, 9 patients were given placebo for 6–18 months. The effect of the treatment was assessed by three methods: 1) the metacarpal index (MI) determined by radiogrammetry, 2) the calcium content of the hand bone (Ca) measured by local neutron activation, 3) the iliac bone histomorphometry. MI and (Ca) did not change significantly at any time in any group. In each group there was a significant increase in trabecular bone volume, osteoid volume, osteoid surfaces and a significant decrease in mineralization fronts. On the other hand, the changes in osteoblastic surfaces, osteoclastic surfaces, number of osteoclasts/mm2 were not significant in any group. No change was observed in the placebo group. These data suggest that the increase in the trabecular volume of fluorided bone is mainly due to the increase in osteoid which itself is due to a bone mineralization defect despite the association of calcifediol. This is probably one of the reasons why (Ca) does not change significantly.     

Preventing erosion with novel agents

Objectives

This in vitro study aimed to investigate the protective effect of four commercial novel agents against erosion.

Methods

Ninety human molars were distributed into 9 groups, and after incubation in human saliva for 2 h, a pellicle was formed. Subsequently, the specimens were submitted to demineralization (orange juice, pH 3.6, 3 min) and remineralization (paste slurry containing one of the tested novel agents, 3 min) cycles, two times per day, for 4 days. The tested agents were: (1) DenShield Tooth; active ingredient: 7.5% W/W NovaMin^® (calcium sodium phosphosilicate); (2) Nanosensitive hca; active ingredient: 7.5% W/W NovaMin^®; (3) GC Tooth Mousse; active ingredient: 10% Recaldent™ (CPP-ACP); (4) GC MI Paste Plus; active ingredients: 10% Recaldent™, 900 ppm fluoride. Two experimental procedures were performed: in procedure 1, the tested agents were applied prior to the erosive attack, and in procedure 2 after the erosive attack. A control group receiving no prophylactic treatment was included. Surface nanohardness (SNH) of enamel specimens was measured after pellicle formation and after completion of daily cyclic treatment.

Results

SNH significantly decreased at the end of the experiment for all groups (p < 0.05). In both procedures, there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and those treated with paste slurries (p > 0.05). In addition, the changes in SNH (ΔSNH = SNHbaseline − SNHfinal) did not show statistically significant difference between both procedures (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Tooth erosion cannot be prevented or repaired by these novel agents, regardless of fluoride content.     

Effects of periodic fluoride treatment on fluoride ion release from fresh orthodontic adhesives

Objective

Periodic fluoride treatment may contribute to the ability of fresh orthodontic adhesives to provide long-term F⁻ release. The effects of periodic fluoride treatment on the amount of F⁻ release from fresh orthodontic adhesives was investigated.

Methods

F⁻ release was measured from a nonfluoride-releasing composite, a fluoride-releasing composite, a polyacid-modified composite (compomer), and two resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) at 1, 2, and 5 days after one of the following treatments: 225 ppm F⁻ solution, 900 ppm F⁻ solution, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF), fluoridated dentifrice, and deionised water (control). F⁻ release was measured in a 5-day cycle, which was repeated 9 consecutive times. The amount of F⁻ release for each group was analysed using the repeated measures analysis of variance. Statistical significance was set at a level of α = 0.05.

Results

Periodic fluoride treatment temporarily increased F⁻ release in fresh fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives, but not in fresh nonfluoride-releasing composite. The order of effective fluoride-release was RMGICs > compomer > fluoride-releasing composite > nonfluoride-releasing composite. The application of APF or 900 ppm F⁻ solution was the most effective way to maintain F⁻ release from fresh orthodontic adhesives. However, the amount of F⁻ release gradually decreased with increasing specimen age.

Conclusion

Given the difficulty of routine use of APF at home, the results of this study show that a combination of RMGICs and high-dose fluoride mouth rinse is the most effective protocol to maintain F⁻ release from fresh orthodontic adhesives.

Clinical significance

Most studies have investigated fluoride-uptake abilities using aged materials in which fluoride had been lost for at least 1 month. This study has found that periodic fluoride treatment altered the conventional F⁻ release pattern of fresh fluoride-releasing materials and type of fluoride-containing medium plays a more critical role in fluoride recharging of the materials than fluoride concentration. This study will help clinicians to find the most effective fluoride treatment protocol of fresh materials.     

氟在胎儿组织中的分布研究

本文对31具胎儿组织氟测定观察,氟能透过母体胎盘进入胎儿,胎儿组织氟含量以骨骼中最高,脑组织中最低,并随母体摄氟量和胎龄的增加而增高。