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多生牙也称额外牙,发生率占恒牙列人群的1%~3%,发生于牙弓腭侧者约占85.2%、牙弓内占13.8%、唇颊侧区占1%[1],发生于上颌前牙区者约占98.24%[2]。本病例2颗多生牙萌出于患者右上颌第二、第三磨牙颊侧。现报告如下。1临床资料患者男,40岁。因右上颌后牙食物嵌塞于2013-09-25就诊于南昌大学附属口腔医院。检查:全身一般状况良好,口腔内牙齿咬合关系良     

下颌前牙根管形态的锥形束CT分析

目的：通过锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomography, CBCT）分析下颌前牙的根管形态,以期为根管治疗提供依据。方法：随机抽取南京医科大学附属口腔医院影像科2015年6月—2016年6月拍摄CBCT的1 022例患者的影像资料,根据牙位、性别和年龄分组,参照Vertucci分类法观察牙根和根管数目、根管构型。结果：共6 032颗下颌前牙被纳入研究。所有下颌中切牙和侧切牙均为单根牙,0.9%(18/2 042)的尖牙为双根牙。下颌中切牙、侧切牙和尖牙多根管率分别为10.6%(211/1 990)、18.0%(360/2 000)和5.4%(111/2 042),且下颌前牙双根管多为Type Ⅲ。多根管对称发生的比例分别为中切牙89.9%(98/109)、侧切牙87.3%(165/199)、尖牙48.0%(36/75)。各年龄组中下颌中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙多根管发生率最高的分别为＞30～40岁组(14.6%,57/397)、＞40～50岁组(21.1%,62/294)、＞50～60岁组(8.4%,27/320),多根管发生率各年龄组间差异有统计学意义。女性与男性下颌前牙多根管的发生率差异无统计学意义 (11.15% vs. 11.53%, P＞0．05)。结论：下颌前牙根管治疗时注意多根管的发生,多根管发生率和年龄有一定相关性。     

2016—2018年沈阳市皇姑区中小学生龋齿患病情况分析

目的 了解沈阳市皇姑区2016—2018年中小学生龋齿患病情况,为制定该地区学生口腔卫生保健策略提供依据。方法 采用2016—2018年沈阳市皇姑区中小学生体检数据资料,对乳牙和恒牙的患龋率、龋均、龋失补构成比等进行对比分析。结果 2016—2018年沈阳市皇姑区学生乳牙患龋率分别为23.52%,22.41%,14.48%,龋均分别为0.64,0.51,0.33,充填率分别为14.45%,20.67%,21.93%。恒牙患龋率分别为8.37%,9.27%,6.90%,龋均分别为0.13,0.15,0.11,充填率分别为22.67%,40.39%,37.41%。各年度各年龄段乳牙患龋率男生>女生;各年度各年龄段恒牙患龋率男生<女生。结论 沈阳市皇姑区中小学生龋齿防治工作取得一定进展,但龋齿充填率有待提高,应进一步加强中小学生口腔健康宣传教育及行为指导。     

Intrapartum fetal surveillance: a physiological approach

Continuous utero-placental circulation, and patent umbilical blood vessels ensure an uninterrupted transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus as well as clearance of metabolic waste products. The onset of labour characterized by progressive and strong uterine contractions poses a threat to fetal oxygenation as a result of collapsing the spiral arterioles traversing the myometrium to supply the placental bed, and repetitive compression of the blood vessels within the umbilical cord. Human fetuses are equipped with compensatory mechanisms to cope with transient interruptions of blood supply during labour. The ability to compensate may be blunted in cases of poor fetal reserves, increased metabolic demand (macrosomia or maternal fever), and due to non-hypoxic pathways (e.g. chorioamniontis or fetal hypovolumia-hypotension syndrome). Intrapartum fetal surveillance involves prompt recognition of the features that signal the onset of fetal decompensation on the cardiotocograph (CTG) to ensure a timely intervention to avoid hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) or perinatal deaths. This article summarises a ‘physiological approach’ to the interpretation of the CTG which, in places, conflicts with other current UK guidance.     

SEM Study of Apical Morphological Alterations in Primary Teeth with Vital and Necrotic Pulps

This study evaluated, by SEM, the morphology of human primary teeth roots. Twenty-four teeth were divided into 3 groups: pulp vitality (group I) and pulp necrosis without (group II) and with apical periodontitis (group III). Roots were analyzed by the presence of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers and resorption areas. In groups I and II, presence of PDL fibers and absence of resorption were observed in all cases (100%), while all specimens (100%) of group III showed no PDL fibers and resorption areas. In conclusion, there are morphological differences in the apical region of primary teeth with different pulpal and periapical pathologies.     

Unravelling the blood supply to the zebrafish pharyngeal jaws and teeth

We describe the vascular supply to the pharyngeal jaws and teeth in zebrafish, from larval stages to juveniles, using serial high quality semithin sections and 3D reconstructions. We have identified that the arterial blood supply to the last pair of branchial arches, which carries the teeth, issues from the hypobranchial artery. Surprisingly, the arteries supplying the pharyngeal jaws show an asymmetric branching pattern that is modified over ontogeny. Moreover, the blood vessel pattern that serves each jaw can best be described as a sinusoidal cavity encircling the bases of both the functional and replacement teeth. Capillaries branching from this sinusoidal cavity enter the pulp and constitute the intrinsic blood supply to the attached teeth. The role of these blood vessels during tooth development (whether instructive or nutritive) remains to be determined and requires further study. However, we have provided a firm morphological basis that will aid in the interpretation of experiments addressing this question.     

A field-programmable gate array based system for high frame rate laser Doppler blood flow imaging

This paper presents a general embedded processing system implemented in a field-programmable gate array providing high frame rate and high accuracy for a laser Doppler blood flow imaging system. The proposed system can achieve a basic frame rate of flow images at 1 frame/second for 256×256 images with 1024 fast Fourier transform (FFT) points used in the processing algorithm. Mixed fixed-floating point calculations are utilized to achieve high accuracy but with a reasonable resource usage. The implementation has a root mean square deviation of the relative difference in flow values below 0.1% when compared with a double-precision floating point implementation. The system can contain from one or more processing units to obtain the required frame rate and accuracy. The performance of the system is significantly higher than other methods reported to date. Furthermore, a dedicated field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board has been designed to test the proposed processing system. The board is linked with a laser line scanning system, which uses a 64×1 photodetector array. Test results with various operating parameters show that the performance of the new system is better, in terms of noise and imaging speed, than has been previously achieved.     

Regenerative Endodontic Procedures for the Treatment of Necrotic Mature Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

IntroductionRegenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are intended to repair and regenerate part of the pulp-dentin complex. The aim of this study was to systematically appraise the existing evidence on the effectiveness of REPs on mature teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis.MethodsElectronic database and hand searches were performed on 8 databases of published and unpublished literature from inception to January 3, 2021, for the identification of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or prospective clinical trials. The related key words included “regenerative,” “pulp revascularization,” “revitalization procedure,” and “necrotic mature teeth.” A random effects meta-analysis was conducted assessing success as the main outcome treatment. Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool, and the quality of the evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.ResultsOf the 337 initial hits, 4 RCTs were eligible for inclusion, whereas 3 were included in the quantitative synthesis. Overall, there was no difference in the relative risk for a successful/unsuccessful treatment outcome between REPs or conventional treatment (3 studies, relative risk = 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.92–1.15; P = .61; heterogeneity I² = 0.0%, P = .53; prediction interval = 0.51–2.09). Risk of bias ranged from low to raising some concerns, whereas the quality of the evidence was graded as moderate.ConclusionsBased on moderate-quality evidence, REPs appear as a viable treatment alternative for mature necrotic teeth with periapical lesions at present. Furthermore, well-designed RCTs might also provide confirmatory evidence in this respect while also framing a backbone for standardization of the therapeutic protocol of REPs.     

Structural integrity of extracted teeth restored using three different post-and-core systems: An in vitro comparative study

AimThe objective of the study was to assess the in vitro fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored using different post-and-core materials.Materials and methodsExtracted human mandibular premolars (n = 36) were extracted teeth and equally distributed into four (4) treatment groups: cast metal post-and-core, milled zirconia post-and-core, pre-fabricated post with composite resin core and control group. These samples were then each subjected to the load to fracture test using a universal testing machine. Fracture resistance data were compared among groups by analysis of variance and Fisher’s exact test.ResultsThe highest mean fracture resistance value was observed in the zirconia post-and-core treatment group (1567.26 ± 317.66 N), followed by the cast metal (1355.92 ± 621.56 N) and lastly the pre-fabricated post with composite resin core (725.67 ± 251.05 N) treatment group. Differences among groups were not statistically significantly different (P = 3.77).ConclusionEndodontically treated mandibular premolars with a zirconia post-and-core system exhibited the highest robustness against structural failure based on its mean fracture resistance value. In addition, extracted teeth restored with cast post-and-core resisted a greater stress load than those restored with fiber-reinforced posts. Zirconia showed a more favorable fracture mode than the other restorations.     

多学科综合治疗挽救重度牙周炎患牙的临床观察（附1例5年随访报告）

重度牙周炎患者多存在深牙周袋及严重牙槽骨吸收的患牙,常判定为“预后无望”,而此类患牙的临床处置一直以来都面临挑战。此外,伴牙列缺损及错牙合畸形的重度牙周炎患者临床中常需要应用多学科综合治疗,以达到牙周健康、恢复功能、改善美观的目标。文章完整展示1例应用牙周-正畸-种植修复综合治疗的重度牙周炎病例,挽救重度牙周炎患牙,并获得稳定的治疗效果,为临床诊疗此类问题积累经验。