Cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure in a primary care unit: Yugoslav Study of the Precursors of Atherosclerosis in School Children (YUSAD)

OBJECTIVES: The presence of cardiovascular risk factors in children may be important in the development of atherosclerosis in adulthood. Adequate control of blood pressure is a cornerstone in atherosclerosis prevention. The aim of the Yugoslav Study of the Precursors of Atherosclerosis in School Children (YUSAD) was to identify risk factors for elevated blood pressure in school children. METHODS: The YUSAD study is a multicentre follow-up study comprised of two cross-sectional surveys conducted five years apart. At baseline, 10-year-old children (3226 boys and 3074 girls [n=6300]) were randomly selected during periodical visits to primary health care centres. The risk factors measured were heart rate, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, grade point average and current smoking status. RESULTS: Significant age and sex differences were identified in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and all investigated independent variables. In a multivariate analysis, diastolic blood pressure in 10-year-old boys was directly and significantly related to total cholesterol and height, whereas it was inversely related to weight. At follow-up, in the multivariate model, only BMI was a significant predictor of diastolic blood pressure in boys. In girls at baseline in the multivariate regression analysis, the only significant predictor of diastolic blood pressure was total cholesterol. In 15-year-old girls, diastolic blood pressure was significantly and directly related to BMI and heart rate, whereas it was inversely related to weight. For both 10- and 15-year-old male and female participants, none of the variables by multivariate analysis were a significant predictor of systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Age, sex, heart rate, cholesterol and weight are the most important predictors of blood pressure in school children.     

球囊拉伤致家兔动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂及血栓形成

为建立动脉粥样硬化的兔模型并用药物触发造成斑块破裂及血栓形成，将60只雄性纯种新西兰兔随机平均分成三组：球囊损伤 高脂(1％胆固醇)组、高脂喂养组及普通饲料喂养组．喂养3个月后分别给予鲁塞尔蝰蛇毒和组胺药物触发以造成斑块破裂及血栓形成。结果发现，球囊损伤 高脂组与高脂喂养组均形成动脉粥样硬化斑块，其中球囊损伤 高脂组所形成的粥样斑块为具有较大脂质核的软斑块；药物触发后球囊损伤 高脂组存活的18只中有11只共15处发生斑块破裂及血栓形成；高脂喂养组中的19只经药物触发后仅5只共7处发生斑块破裂及血栓形成；普通饲料喂养组中未见斑块破裂及血栓形成。结果提示，在构建的动脉粥样硬化斑块的动物模型基础上，应用药物触发后能够造成斑块破裂及血栓形成。     

平滑肌细胞源性生长因子的部分纯化

本文用超滤和肝素亲和层析法对培养的兔主动脉平滑肌细胞的无血清条件培养基进行纯化。用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入细胞ＤＮＡ法检测层析所得各组分对ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３纤维母细胞的致有丝分裂活性。用ＮａＤｏｄＳＯ４－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及等电聚焦电泳检测其分子量及等电点。结果表明，该条件培养基经肝素亲和层析，被１．０～１．６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＇ＮａＣｌ洗脱下来的蛋白质成分对３Ｔ３细胞有致有丝分裂活性，其分子量范围为２３．０～２６．９ｋＤａ，等电点约为４．６。这些生物化学特性不同于ＰＤＧＦ、ＩＧＦ及ＦＧＦ，提示这种致有丝分裂蛋白质可能是一种独立的生长因子。     

彩色多普勒超声在椎动脉粥样硬化诊断中的研究进展

后循环缺血（PCI）是一种临床常见病和多发病,系指椎基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作和脑梗死。椎动脉粥样硬化是PCI常见的病因之一。 PCI的影像学检查包括经颅多普勒超声（TCD）、数字减影血管造影术（DSA）、计算机控制体层摄影造影术（CTA）、磁共振血管造影术（MRA）及彩色多普勒超声（CDU）等。TCD可作为PCI的初步筛查工具,DSA是目前椎动脉疾病诊断的“金标准”;CTA和DSA同属有创检查,且都需要造影剂,不易被患者接受;MRA属于无创检查,但其可能夸大血管狭窄程度;CDU可较准确测量椎动脉内径及评价血流动力学参数,可作为PCI无创伤性的检查手段,具有直接、准确、方便及可重复性等优点,为PCI的明确诊断和疗效评价提供客观依据。就CDU在椎动脉粥样硬化患者诊断中的研究进展作一综述。     

Relationship of the total atrial conduction time to subclinical atherosclerosis,inflammation and echocardiographic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES:

The aim of our study was to evaluate the total atrial conduction time and its relationship to subclinical atherosclerosis, inflammation and echocardiographic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS:

A total of 132 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 54.5±9.6 years; 57.6% male) and 80 age- and gender-matched controls were evaluated. The total atrial conduction time was measured by tissue-Doppler imaging and the carotid intima-media thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasonography.

RESULTS:

The total atrial conduction time was significantly longer in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in the control group (131.7±23.6 vs. 113.1±21.3, p<0.001). The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly increased carotid intima-media thicknesses, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels than those of the controls. The total atrial conduction time was positively correlated with the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, carotid intima-media thickness and left atrial volume index and negatively correlated with the early diastolic velocity (Em), Em/late diastolic velocity (Am) ratio and global peak left atrial longitudinal strain. A multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, carotid intima-media thickness and global peak left atrial longitudinal strain were independent predictors of the total atrial conduction time.

CONCLUSIONS:

We suggest that subclinical atherosclerosis and inflammation may represent a mechanism related to prolonged total atrial conduction time and that prolonged total atrial conduction time and impaired left atrial myocardial deformation may be represent early subclinical cardiac involvement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Non-HDL-C和AI对冠心病患者病情的评估价值

目的：探讨非高密度脂蛋白(Non-HDL-C)和粥样动脉硬化指数(AI)评估冠心病病情的临床价值。方法以冠心病患者为病例组(398例),以健康者为对照组(150例),全自动生化分析仪检测并比较不同组别受试者的一般临床资料、血脂、血糖、Non-HDL-C、AI等指标。结果冠心病组年龄、BMI、血压、甘油三酯、Non-HDL-C、AI等均高于对照组(P<0.05);慢性冠心病组年龄、BMI、收缩压、甘油三酯、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、空腹血糖、Non-HDL-C、AI等高于不稳定型心绞痛组、急性心肌梗死组(P<0.05);Non-HDL-C与AI具有正相关关系(r2=0.1611,P<0.05);Non-HDL-C、AI均与年龄、HDL-C呈负相关,与LDL-C、TC、甘油三酯呈正相关(P<0.05);Non-HDL-C、AI与冠状动脉病变总分呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论冠心病患者的Non-DHL-C和AI水平明显高于对照组,且Non-DHL-C和AI水平越高,冠心病病变越严重。二者可用于评价冠心病病情严重程度。     

硫化氢对动脉粥样硬化的影响及其与 CX3CR1 的关系

目的在高脂饮食ApoE基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化模型中,探讨硫化氢对动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响及其与斑块内趋化因子受体CX3CR1的关系。方法10周龄、雄性纯合子ApoE基因敲除小鼠予以高脂饮食喂养,在高脂饮食喂养第4、8、12、24周时处死小鼠并留取血浆和主动脉,通过化学比色法和Western Blot技术检测血浆硫化氢水平和主动脉胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（CSE）表达情况。一部分小鼠在高脂饮食4或12周后开始每天予以硫化氢供体药物NaHS（1mg-kg^-1,i．P．）或生理盐水。高脂饮食24周后,通过超声生物显微镜成像技术评估小鼠主动脉及其主要分支内的动脉粥样硬化情况,随后处死小鼠并留取主动脉,通过H＆E染色和免疫组化技术进一步观察小鼠头臂干动脉粥样斑块的病变情况及CX3CR1的表达水平。结果在动脉粥样硬化斑块形成早期,即出现了CSE表达水平的显著降低,随着斑块的进展,CSE的表达水平进一步下调和CSE活性明显下降,最终导致血浆硫化氢水平的显著降低。动脉粥样硬化早期或中晚期予以NariS均可显著延缓动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成和进展,但是NaHS早期干预,其抗动脉粥样化的益处显著优于中晚期干预。NariS的抗动脉粥样硬化益处可能与其抑制斑块内CX3CR1的表达有关。结论动脉粥样硬化过程中存在着内源性硫化氢代谢紊乱,予以NaHS干预可抑制斑块内CX3CR1的表达和延缓动脉粥样硬化的进展,早期NaHS干预的疗效显著优于中晚期干预。     

血管周围脂肪组织与心肺血管疾病的研究进展

血管周围脂肪组织（perivascular adipose tissue, PVAT）是包绕在血管外膜的脂肪组织,与心肺血管疾病密切相关。在生理条件下,血管周围脂肪组织通过分泌血管活性物质调节血管张力;在病理条件下,失功能的血管周围脂肪组织通过分泌大量炎症因子、抗血管舒张因子、脂肪因子等参与高血压、动脉粥样硬化、肺动脉高压等疾病的进展。我们的既往研究还发现：失功能PVAT增加动脉粥样斑块易损性。心外膜脂肪（EAT）是位于心肌与脏层心包之间的脂肪组织,是血管周围脂肪组织的一种特殊类型,与心房颤动的发生和预后密切相关。本文拟对血管周围脂肪组织的结构特征和功能及其对心血管疾病的影响和作用机制进行综述。