Understanding the financial impact of a diagnosis of young onset dementia on individuals and families in the United Kingdom: Results of an online survey

Although literature on postdiagnostic support for people affected by young onset dementia acknowledges financial concerns, this topic has remained underresearched. The aim of this study was to explore the financial impact of a diagnosis of young onset dementia on individuals and families. An online survey, comprising binary yes/no, multiple-response and open-ended questions, was codesigned with people living with young onset dementia. The survey was promoted via networks and online platforms. Data were collected from August to October 2019. Survey respondents across the United Kingdom (n = 55) who had received a diagnosis of young onset dementia were aged between 45 and 64, were at different stages of dementia and had been diagnosed with thirteen different types of dementia. Of the 55 respondents, 71% (n = 39) had received assistance from family members when completing the survey. The main financial impact of a diagnosis of young onset dementia resulted from premature loss of income and reduced and often deferred pension entitlements. In some cases, care-costs became unaffordable. Lack of clarity of processes and procedures around needs assessments, carers' assessments and financial assessments by different organisations resulted in some families having to ask for legal advice and, in some cases, involved lengthy appeal processes. Future research needs to involve Adult Social Care and Third Sector organisations to help codesign and test financial management interventions to support people affected by this progressive health condition.     

Collaborative working in health and social care: Lessons learned from post-hoc preliminary findings of a young families’ pregnancy to age 2 project in South Wales,United Kingdom

Children of young and socially disadvantaged parents are more likely to experience adverse outcomes. In response to this, a unique young families’ project in Swansea, UK, was created, which drew together a team of multi-agency professionals, to support people aged 16–24 from 17 weeks of pregnancy throughout 1,001 days of the child's life. The aim of the JIGSO (the Welsh word for Jigsaw) project is for young people to reach their potential as parents and to break the cycle of health and social inequality. This evaluation analysed routinely collected data held by the project from January 2017 to December 2018 exploring health and social outcomes, including smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy, breastfeeding, maternal diet and social services outcomes. Outcomes were compared to local and national averages, where available. Data relating to parenting knowledge and skills were available via records of 10-point Likert scales, one collected at the start of the JIGSO involvement and one around 4–6 months later. Findings showed higher than average levels of breastfeeding initiation and lower smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy. Parents also reported enhanced knowledge and confidence in their child care skills, as well as improved family relationships. Parents with high levels of engagement with JIGSO also appeared to have positive outcomes with Social Services (their child's name was removed from child protection register or their case was closed to social services). This was a post-hoc evaluation, not an intervention study or trial, and thus findings must be interpreted with caution. Despite this, the findings are promising and more prospective research exploring similar services is required.     

青年人胃癌临床病理34例分析

目的　探讨青年人胃癌的临床病理特点。方法　回顾性分析 34例青年胃癌病人的临床表现、病理特点、治疗及预后 ,并与 4 0例中老年胃癌病人进行对比。结果　青年人胃癌与中老年人胃癌的临床表现相似 (P >0 .1) ,诊断常被延误 (P <0 .0 5)。其病理类型以未分化癌及低分化腺癌多见 ( 79.4 % ) ,手术切除率低( 4 1.2 % ) ,预后差 ( 5年生存率 8.8% ) ,与中老年组比较P均 <0 .0 1。结论　青年人胃癌病情进展快 ,转移早 ,改善预后的关键是早诊断 ,早治疗。     

Immunological evidence of an early seroconversion to oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus in healthy children and young adults

Oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) provokes a widespread and asymptomatic infection in humans. Herein, sera from healthy children and young adults (HC, n = 344) aged 0–20 years old were evaluated for anti-MCPyV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies employing a recently developed immunoassay. Serum MCPyV IgG data from healthy subjects (HS, n = 510) and elderlies (ES, n = 226), aged 21–65/66–100 years old, from our previous studies, were included. The anti-MCPyV IgG and IgM rates in HC sera were 40.7% and 29.7%, respectively. A lower prevalence of anti-MCPyV IgGs was found in HC aged 0–5 years old (13%) compared to 6–10 (52.3%), 11–15 (60.5%) and 16–20 years old (61.6%) cohorts. Age-stratified HCs exhibited similar anti-MCPyV IgM rates (27.9%–32.9%). Serological profiles indicated that anti-MCPyV IgGs and IgMs had low optical densities (ODs) during the first years of life, while IgM ODs appeared to decrease throughout young adulthood. A lower anti-MCPyV IgGs rate was found in HC (40.7%) than HS (61.8%) and ES (63.7%). Upon the 5-years range age-stratification, a lower anti-MCPyV IgGs rate was found in the younger HC cohort aged 0–5 years old compared to the remaining older HC/HS/ES cohorts (52.3%–72%). The younger HC cohort exhibited the lowest anti-MCPyV IgG ODs than the older cohorts. Low anti-MCPyV IgMs rates and ODs were found in the 21–25 (17.5%) and 26–30 (7.7%) years old cohorts. Our data indicate that, upon an early-in-life seroconversion, the seropositivity for oncogenic MCPyV peaks in late childhood/young adulthood and remains at high prevalence and relatively stable throughout life.     

缝匠肌骨瓣移植空心拉力钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的：通过采用缝匠骼骨瓣移植、空心拉力钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折,获得更好的疗效。方法：自１９９２年１月～１９９９年１２月,采用缝匠肌骨瓣移植桥接与空心拉力钉固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折,随访时间１～５年,平均４年。结果：７３例新鲜骨折中１例骨折不愈合,股骨头坏死,１例骨折愈合股骨头坏死;２７例移位型陈旧骨折中３例骨折不愈合,股骨头坏死,２例骨折愈合后股骨头坏死。骨折愈合率９６％,股骨头坏死率７％。结论：缝匠肌骨瓣移植可改善股骨头血供并使植骨以“活骨骨折愈合”的方式完成,陈旧性骨折股骨颈吸收的可重建股骨颈,井有一定的强度支撑防止股骨头坏死应力塌陷,与空心拉力钉有协同支撑固定作用。三根空心拉力钉固定创伤小而连接控制面积大是理想的内固定物。     

Nutritional status and diarrhoeal pathogen in hospitalized children in Bangladesh

We studied the relationship between nutritional status and infection due to specific enteropathogens in young children with diarrhoea. Overall, 26% of the children were severely underweight, 27% were severely wasted and 19% were severely stunted. Children with Shigellae and V. cholerae O1 were significantly more severely underweight, wasted and stunted than those with rotavirus diarrhoea ( p < 0:0001). Our results indicate that an effective nutrition programme for young children might have greater impact on diarrhoeal illness caused by Shigella and V. cholerae than by rotavirus diarrhoea.     

出生体重对学龄前期儿童生长发育影响分析

【目的】分析出生体重对儿童在其婴儿至学龄前期体格发育的影响及其血红蛋白（hemoglobin，Hb）水平改变。【方法】3～6岁儿童268名，孕周〉36周，性别不限。记录人体测量指标：出生体重及6个月、1岁、3～6岁时身高、体重。问卷调查其早期喂养特点包括完全母乳喂养时间、辅食添加起始月份、母亲育龄、家庭经济状况等内容。血液检查测定外周Hb值。按出生体重和性别分成四组，A组（男）和C组（女）出生体重2000～2999g；B组（男）和D组（女）出生体重3000～3999g。【结果】婴儿期B组和D组体重均分别明显高于A组和C组（=P〈0．05）；学龄前期B组和D组身高均分别明显高于A组和C组（P〈0．05）。B组和D组儿童身长、体重均数值位于1995年中国城区儿童身高体重百分位数表P45～P85之间，A组和C组则位于P3～P30之间。出生体重较轻婴儿0～6个月中体重增速快于出生体重较重组（P〈0．05）。出生体重较高的女童（D组）Hb水平轻度降低（110〈Hb〈120g／L）发生率明显高于其他各组（P〈0．05）。【结论】在早期喂养和家庭经济状况相当的情况下．出生体重影响婴儿至学龄前期体格增长。出生体重较轻者易发生长迟缓，追赶生长多发生在O～6个月中。出生体重较高者体格增长较理想，然而在学龄前期较易发生Hb轻度下降，考虑应作为铁营养重点关注人群。     

硬树脂模配戴法对外伤年轻恒牙辅助护髓治疗的有效性研究

目的:研究配戴硬树脂模对外伤年轻恒牙护髓治疗的有效性。方法:对62例外伤致牙体缺损牙髓活力状态敏感的年轻恒牙,随机采用硬树脂模配戴辅助护髓(实验组)和传统方法脱敏治疗(对照组),6个月后检测牙髓活力情况。结果:两种治疗方法经卡方检验分析表明,实验组与对照组存在明显差异(P<0.05)。硬树脂模配戴法临床护髓效果明显优于传统方法。结论:硬树脂模配戴法能显著提高临床护髓成功率,可以在临床推广使用。     

中药学青年教师的培养

高校办学的生命在于质量，质量的高低主要取决于教师。青年教师是未来学术领域的接班人，是新世纪教学的主力军，青年教师的培养对教学水平的提高是至关重要的。中药学在祖国医学理论体系中占有相当重要的地位，它既是中医辨证施治、理法方药的重要环节，是中医的基础课程之一，也是从基础过渡到临床的桥梁课程。中药学课程教学质量直接影响其他学科如方剂学等临床课程的顺利进行。随着科技发展，新知识、新技术的应用，中药学还需要紧跟时代。