Céphalées quotidiennes chroniques

Résumé  Les céphalées quotidiennes chroniques sont souvent méconnues des médecins bien qu'une partie notable de la population en souffre (2 à 5% de la population). Le plus souvent, il s'agit de migraineux dont la maladie s'est dégradée à l'occasion de perturbations psychologiques en relation avec la personnalité des patients et/ou les circonstances de la vie. Dans la plupart des cas, on note également l'utilisation abusive des antalgiques. Le sevrage de ceux-ci, un traitement prophylactique englobant les différents facteurs permettent d'améliorer considérablement ces malades.

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Summary  Daily chronic headaches are often unknown by physicians, although a quite important part of the population suffers because of it (from 2 to 5% of the population). The most frequent situation concerns migrainers whose disease was aggravated on the occasion of psychological disturbance connected with the personality and life of the patients. Most of the time, an abusive use of antalgics is noticed. A wearning of them, and a prophylactic treatment, including these different factors can considerably ameliorate the state of these patients.

     

Protocol-driven daily optimisation of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation blood flows: an alternate paradigm?

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) is now an established modality of support for patients with the who are failing evidence-based conventional therapies. Minimising ventilator-induced lung injury is the guiding principle behind patient management with VV ECMO. Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) supported with VV ECMO are liberated from ECMO at a stage when native lungs have recovered sufficiently to support physiologic demands and the risks of iatrogenic lung injuries after discontinuation of ECMO are perceived to be small. However, native lung recovery is a dynamic process and patients rely on varying degrees of contributions from both native lungs and ECMO for gas exchange support. Patients often demonstrate near total ECMO dependence for oxygenation and decarboxylation early in the course of the illness and this may necessitate higher ECMO blood flow rates (EBFRs). Although, reliance on high EBFR for oxygenation support may remain variable over the course of ECMO, blood flow requirements typically diminish over time as native lungs start to recover. Currently, protocol-driven modulation of the EBFR based on changing physiologic needs is not common practice and consequently patients may remain on higher than physiologically necessary EBFR. This exposes the patient to potential risks because maintaining higher blood flows often requires a less restrictive fluid balance and deeper sedation. Both may be harmful in the setting of recovery from ARDS. In this article, we propose a strategy that involves daily assessments of native lung function and a protocol-driven daily optimisation of EBFR. This is followed by optimisation of sweep gas flow rate (SGFR) and the fraction of delivered oxygen in the sweep gas (FdO₂). This staged approach to weaning VV ECMO allows us to fully utilise the “decoupling” of oxygenation and decarboxylation that is possible only during extracorporeal support. This approach may benefit patients by allowing for greater fluid restriction, more aggressive fluid removal, expedited weaning of sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), and early physical rehabilitation. Ultimately, prospective studies are needed to evaluate optimal VV ECMO weaning practices     

农村地区婴幼儿离乳食的干预研究

目的探索我国农村地区2岁以下婴幼儿离乳期家庭膳食改善方法,观察离乳食干预对预防儿童营养性贫血的短期效果。方法本研究对赵县农村6~11月龄儿童家长进行增加瘦肉摄入和增加蔬菜摄入的健康教育,评估干预措施改善婴幼儿的喂养行为和升高血红蛋白(Hb)浓度的效果。结果干预组和对照组分别有149和114名儿童完成了6个月的干预和随访。相对于入选时,3个月随访时干预组的儿童自身Hb浓度升高值为(2.65±14.38)g/L,高于对照组[(-0.18±11.21)g/L],差异无统计学意义(P=0.074);6个月随访时干预组升高为(8.33±15.85)g/L,高于对照组[(4.32±14.00)g/L],差异有统计学意义(P=0.034)。3个月随访时干预组的儿童的食物种类多样率(89.9%)高于对照组(78.9%),差异具有统计学意义(P=0.014);而6个月随访时,干预组(83.1%)与对照组(86.8%)的差异无统计学意义(P=0.405)。干预组的儿童3个月和6个月随访时24h瘦肉食入量[依次为(6.94±9.07)g和(7.96±13.90)g]皆高于对照组[依次为(2.42±6.10)g和(4.54±9.19)g],差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000和P=0.024)。结论通过家庭膳食干预,离乳期儿童的食物种类和瘦肉食入增加,Hb水平显著提高,营养性贫血患病率降低。儿童24h瘦肉食入量有所增加,虽然仍低于我国和发达国家的推荐量,但是营养改善效果已经明确初显。     

职业女性母乳喂养持续时间及影响因素

目的了解职业女性母乳喂养持续时间及其影响因素,为构建职业女性母乳喂养支持方案提供参考。方法在郑州市2所三级甲等医院儿童预防保健门诊选取364名产后返岗的职业女性,采用自制的职业女性母乳喂养调查问卷开展调查。采用Kaplan-Meier法和Cox回归模型分析母乳喂养持续时间及其影响因素。结果产后返岗职业女性母乳喂养持续时间均值为11.94个月。Cox回归分析显示,是否坚持纯母乳喂养到6个月、预计母乳喂养时间、返岗后是否继续母乳喂养是母乳喂养持续时间的影响因素(均P0.01)。结论职业女性母乳喂养持续时间与WHO的建议还有一定差距。应进一步提高6个月纯母乳喂养水平,帮助返岗职业女性制定科学合理的母乳喂养规划和目标,采取有效措施改善工作场所母乳喂养支持,为持续母乳喂养创造条件。     

Implementation of a respiratory rehabilitation protocol: weaning from the ventilator and tracheostomy in difficult-to-wean patients with spinal cord injury

Purpose: Following repeated weaning failures in acute care services, spinal cord injury (SCI) patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy are discharged to their homes or skilled nursing facilities, with a portable mechanical ventilator (MV) and/or tracheostomy tube (TT) with excess risk of complications, high cost and low quality of life. We hypothesized that many difficult-to-wean patients with cervical SCI can be successfully managed in a rehabilitation clinic. The aim of our study was to develop a respiratory rehabilitation, MV weaning and TT decannulation protocol and to evaluate the effectiveness of this protocol in tetraplegic patients.

Methods: A multidisciplinary and multifaceted protocol, including respiratory assessment and management themes, was developed and performed based on the findings from other studies in the literature. Tetraplegic patients with the diagnosis of difficult-to-wean, who were admitted to the rehabilitation clinic after having been discharged from the intensive care unit to their home with home-type MV and/or TT, were included in this prospective observational study.

Results: The respiratory rehabilitation protocol was applied to 35 tetraplegic patients (10 home-type MV and tracheostomy-dependent, and 25 tracheostomized patients) with C1-C7 ASIA impairment scale grade A, B, and C injuries. Seven out of 10 patients successfully weaned from MV and 30 of 35 patients were decannulated. Four patients were referred for diaphragm pace stimulation and tracheal stenosis surgery. The mean durations of MV weaning and decannulation were 37 and 31 days, respectively.

Conclusions: A multifaceted, multidisciplinary respiratory management program can change the process of care used for difficult-to-wean patients with SCI.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Findings from this study indicate the significance of a multidimensional evaluation of any reversible factors for prolonged MV- and/or TT-dependent SCI patients. Thus, rehabilitation specialists should take this into consideration and should provide the appropriate amount of time to these patients.

• The proposed protocol of respiratory rehabilitation for MV- and/or TT-dependent SCI patients shows promising results in terms of changing the care used for these patients.

• Successful implementation of a respiratory rehabilitation and weaning protocol is dependent on careful planning and detailed communication between the rehabilitation specialist and intensivist during the respiratory rehabilitation process.

• Because many of the so-called difficult- or impossible-to-wean patients were successfully weaned from MV and TT in the PMR clinic, the need for such an outlet for countries without specialized centers is supported.

     

Weaning Adults from Mechanical Ventilation: Current issues

Successful weaning from ventilatory support is the ultimate goal for all those involved in the care of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units. Although this may be a straightforward process for many patients, a significant minority require more complex and time-consuming approaches. At present there are a number of key issues surrounding weaning, such as the causes of weaning failure, the factors that predict weaning success or failure, and the optimal procedural strategies for weaning.

Physiotherapists have an established role in the care of mechanically ventilated patients, but their role during weaning is less well documented. This paper reviews the current trends and ideas surrounding weaning adults, and highlights those areas relevant to physiotherapists.     

Exploring Physicians’ Perspectives on the Introduction of Complementary Foods to Infants and Toddlers

Complementary feeding is the subject of many recommendations regarding the benefits of its use, illustrating its crucial impact on further health. However, it still poses a significant problem for caregivers, and thus for doctors. This survey focused on nutritional problems faced by the parents of infants and toddlers, as well as how physicians deal with these problems. Based on the responses from 303 doctors, it was determined that the time and sequence of introducing complementary foods raise the greatest doubts in parents. This study also found that at least one-third of pediatricians experience difficulties in providing effective nutritional counseling. Increasing the nutritional awareness of physicians can allow them to provide more appropriate support to parents.     

血浆microRNA-206联合床旁超声膈肌功能预测老年机械通气患者撤机结果的价值

目的 观察血浆microRNA-206 (miRNA-206)与床旁超声膈肌功能联合预测老年机械通气患者撤机结果的价值。方法 选取2020年6月—2023年6月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院急诊重症监护室住院的老年机械通气患者102例,根据撤机结果分为成功组、失败组。比较两组患者血浆miRNA-206、膈肌功能指标及一般资料;采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析老年机械通气患者撤机结果的影响因素;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血浆miRNA-206、床旁超声膈肌功能单独及联合对老年机械通气患者撤机结果的预测价值。结果 102例患者撤机失败率为33.33%。与成功组比较,失败组膈肌增厚率（DTF）、膈肌活动度（DE）、血浆miRNA-206、白蛋白（Alb）水平降低（P <0.05）,膈肌收缩速度（DCV）加快（P <0.05）,膈肌浅快呼吸指数（DRSBI）、急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分、早期气管切开百分率升高（P <0.05）,年龄增大（P <0.05）。多因素逐步Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄[■=1.089 (9...     

加温湿化高流量鼻导管吸氧在32周以下早产儿撤机中的疗效比较

目的 观察26~31+6周呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿撤机后应用加温湿化高流量鼻导管吸氧(HHHFNC)和鼻塞持续气道正压(nCPAP)的疗效。方法 161例早产儿拔管后随机分成两组:治疗组接受HHHFNC治疗(n = 79);对照组接受nCPAP治疗(n = 82)。两组患儿又根据胎龄分为26~28+6周组和29~31+6周组。比较组间治疗失败率、拔管后7 d内再次插管率、并发症发生率和住院期间病死率。结果 治疗组和对照组两组早产儿治疗失败率和再插管率差异无统计学意义。胎龄26~28+6周的早产儿中,治疗组治疗失败率显著高于对照组 (P < 0.05),再次插管率差异无统计学意义;29~31+6周早产儿中,两组治疗失败率和再次插管率差异均无统计学意义。两组患儿并发症发生率和病死率差异亦无统计学意义。结论 对29~31+6周的早产儿撤机时应用HHHFNC能产生与nCPAP相似疗效,而对29周以下早产儿作为一线无创呼吸支持要谨慎。     

Which advises for primary food allergy prevention in normal or high‐risk infant?

In the last decades, international guidelines proposed different strategies of complementary foods introduction during weaning to prevent allergy. Avoidance measures, such as late introduction of allergenic foods, failed to show a significant preventive effect towards allergy. Recently, prospective randomized controlled studies suggested that the early introduction of solid foods ‐ rather than the late introduction ‐ could be a strategy to prevent allergic sensitization and food allergy. However, at today clear evidence of effectiveness and safety of early introduction are not yet available to recommend a radical change in the current clinical practice. A realistic advice for the general population could be to begin the weaning at 4–5 months with the progressive introduction of different foods. The advices for introduction of solid foods during weaning should also take in consideration the global development of child to chose the better timing of introduction of foods.