不同呼吸机撤机策略的临床疗效评估

目的:比较计划性撤机、经验性撤机和智能软件为主导的撤机模式的优劣。方法:60例机械通气患者随机分成3组:经验性撤机(T组)20例、计划性撤机(SBT组)20例和以智能软件为主导的撤机方式(K组)20例,进行撤机试验。结果:SBT组、K组患者机械通气时间、住院时间、住院费用、气管切开率和呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率均低于T组,撤机成功率高于T组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。SBT组与K组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:计划性撤机和智能软件为主导的撤机模式均能够缩短机械通气时间和住院时间,降低撤机后并发症和死亡率,减轻患者经济负担。     

Attachment,Abandonment, Murder

Alma phoned me, introduced herself, and started crying. She said that she had been referred to me because a terrible thing had happened. As I would later learn, we were about to deal with a wordless breakdown; a patient preoccupied with an object's “death” and her own destructive power. Using a relational perspective, this article will address concepts of separation and loss related to insecure attachment. We will focus on the emotional engulfment and anxiety associated with abandonment and loss as they arise in the therapeutic relationship. Fantasies related to the destructive power of need will be explored, including the fantasy of weaning from the object as from drugs, food, or alcohol, the confusion between murder and abandonment—the former stemming not from hatred but rather from love—and this confusion as expressed in the therapeutic dyad. The article concludes with the patient's response to her case presentation.     

No difference in self‐reported frequency of choking between infants introduced to solid foods using a baby‐led weaning or traditional spoon‐feeding approach

Background

Baby‐led weaning (BLW) where infants self‐feed family foods during the period that they are introduced to solid foods is growing in popularity. The method may promote healthier eating patterns, although concerns have been raised regarding its safety. The present study therefore explored choking frequency amongst babies who were being introduced to solid foods using a baby‐led or traditional spoon‐fed approach.

Methods

In total, 1151 mothers with an infant aged 4–12 months reported how they introduced solid foods to their infant (following a strict BLW, loose BLW or traditional weaning style) and frequency of spoon‐feeding and puree use (percentage of mealtimes). Mothers recalled if their infant had ever choked and, if so, how many times and on what type of food (smooth puree, lumpy puree, finger food and specific food examples).

Results

In total, 13.6% of infants (n = 155) had ever choked. No significant association was found between weaning style and ever choking, or the frequency of spoon or puree use and ever choking. For infants who had ever choked, infants following a traditional weaning approach experience significantly more choking episodes for finger foods (F_2,147 = 4.417, P = 0.014) and lumpy purees (F_2,131 = 6.46, P = 0.002) than infants following a strict or loose baby‐led approach.

Conclusions

Baby‐led weaning was not associated with increased risk of choking and the highest frequency of choking on finger foods occurred in those who were given finger foods the least often. However, the limitations of noncausal results, a self‐selecting sample and reliability of recall must be emphasised.     

机械通气患者的脱机（附85例分析）

分析了８５例机械通气患者恢复时的脱机过程。列举２例脱机困难者的处理。讨论了脱机患者的病理生理改变，脱机标准的掌握和营养支持与脱机的关系。认为脱机时机的掌握，脱机过程的调节，以及必要的营养支持有益于顺利脱机。     

呼吸机引起的膈肌功能障碍与脱机肺水肿的研究进展

膈肌功能障碍和脱机引起的肺水肿是导致脱机失败的两个重要原因。膈肌功能障碍会降低膈肌收缩力量,使肺通气减少,引起脱机失败;脱机时胸内负压增大,通过增加静脉回流和左心室后负荷,导致脱机肺水肿和呼吸窘迫。本文对膈肌功能障碍和脱机引起的肺水肿的发生机制、诊断方法以及治疗策略进行综述。     

自主呼吸试验在机械通气撤机过程中的应用

目的；探讨在终止机械通气后，自主呼吸试验（SBT）时间对成功拔管的作用。方法：采用回顾组与前瞻组对比的方法，回顾组将成功拔管患者按SBT时间不同及病种不同分别对SBT结果进行记录及统计不处理；前瞻组除慢慢阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）采用1－2小时SBT外，其余病种患者均采用30分钟SBT。记录并比较2组的成功率、再插管率，并进行统计学处理。结果：回顾组患者按时间分组显示，拔管成功率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；若按病种分别计算，COPD1－2小时组成功率要高于30分钟组（P＜0.05），心力衰竭（心衰）患者30分钟组成功率高于3－4小时组（P＜0.05），与1－2小时组比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。前瞻组COPD及心衰组拔管成功率均较回顾组明显提高（P均＜0.05）。结论：应根据不同病种有用不同SBT。COPD患者SBT过短只能了解呼吸肌力，不能了解耐力；而心衰患者SBT过长会增加呼吸功而诱发心衰。     

Starting solid foods: does the feeding method matter?

The weaning period, in which complementary foods are introduced into the infant’s diet, can be challenging, with dislike of novel foods known to be common. However, even though at six months (the current recommended age for the introduction of complementary foods) most infants are able to feed themselves with graspable pieces of food, the majority of the research to date assumes the use of spoon feeding and pureed food. The potential impact of the format of the food and the feeding method on the development of food preferences has not been explored. This paper describes the development and piloting of a coding scheme to examine infants’ responses to their first solid food offered in two formats – whole and pureed – and by two methods – self-feeding and spoon feeding, and its first use. The findings for the 10 infants in the study point to some important differences between the two feeding methods.     

Ventilatory support in the intensive care unit

This article focuses on the functional features of positive-pressure ventilators, the modes of invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and the main ventilator settings. It also highlights the potential complications of mechanical ventilation, the basic principles of weaning, and the pathophysiological basis of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony.