交感神经节培养的形态学观察

目的：观察交感神经节在体外培养中的生长和形态学特点。方法：无菌，取新生大鼠椎旁交感神经节，用Ｍａｘｉｍｏｗ培养法在相差显微镜下动态观察７天。终止２后，用Ｈｏｌｍｅｓ还原银染色法显示神经纤维。结果：交感神经节在壁后１２－１８ｈ开始生长，２４－４８ｈ由交感神经节长出的纤维长约０．５ｍｍ，７２－９６ｈ可见神经纤维伸长到１－２ｍｍ以上，并呈放射状向四周延伸。Ｈｏｌｍｅｓ还原银染色的标本中可见大量银染的神经     

Pathological forms of brain electrical activity and localization of its sources in patients with trigeminal neuralgia

No significant differences from the typical electroencephalogram were observed in patients with trigeminal neuropathy. In patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia, the electroencephalogram variations were detected both in the changes of dominant activity and in the appearance of individual pathological phenomena. The three-dimensional localization of pathological activity generators points to the involvement of the median nonspecific brainstem structures into pathological process evoked by trigeminal neuralgia. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 9, pp. 275–279, September, 1997     

Enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of striatal NMDA receptor subunits: effect of dopaminergic denervation and l-DOPA administration

Sensitization of striatal N-methyl- -aspartate receptors (NMDAR) has been linked to events leading to the motor response changes associated with the administration of dopaminomimetics to parkinsonian animals and patients. To determine whether tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDAR subunits contributes to the apparent long-term enhancement in synaptic efficacy of these receptors, we examined the effect of unilateral nigrostriatal dopamine system ablation with 6-hydroxydopamine followed by twice-daily treatment with -DOPA on the phosphorylation state of rat striatal NR2A and NR2B subunits. Three weeks of intermittent -DOPA administration produced a shortening in the duration of the rotational response to dopaminergic challenge and other changes mimicking those occurring in patients with Parkinson's disease. Concurrently, tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and especially of NR2B subunits increased ipsilateral to the lesion (20±5% and 46±7% of intact striatum, respectively; p<0.01) without attendant changes in subunit protein levels. Selective blockade of NR2B subunits with ACEA 10-1244, but not of NR2A subunits with MDL 100,453, reversed the -DOPA-induced response alterations. The intrastriatal injection of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, at a dose (2.0 μg) that normalized the response shortening, attenuated the NR2A and NR2B phosphorylation increase by about 12% and 24%, respectively (p<0.01). Taken together, these results suggest that augmented tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B subunits, alone or in combination with the smaller rise in NR2A subunit phosphorylation, contributes to the apparent enhancement in striatal NMDAR sensitivity and thus to the plastic alterations in dopaminergic responses in -DOPA-treated parkinsonian rats.     

Is progression in postencephalitic parkinson's disease late and age-related?

Summary Follow-up data are presented of ten patients with autopsy-proven postencephalitic Parkinson's syndrome (PEP) (mean age at death: 56.0 years) with regard to motor and psychic deterioration over a period of institutional observation between 3 and 30 years. Four patients showed deterioration of their Hoehn-Yahr score of at least one grade. These patients did not differ statistically with respect to age of occurrence of lethargic encephalitis, interval to PEP, age at start of PEP, duration of survival with PEP, and age at death. Motor deterioration in these patients seems to be attributed more to inherent disease progression, rather than to an age-related process. Clinical and pathological evidence for this conclusion is presented.     

显微手术治疗自发性基底节出血的临床研究

目的：探讨治疗自发性基底节出血的有效措施。方法：将1997年9月－2001年10月采用显微手术治疗的96例自发性脑出血患者，与1994年9月－1997年8月采用常规开颅清除血肿的88例同类患者，在术后血肿清除率，手术死亡率和致残率等方面作对比研究。结果：显微手术能显著提高血肿清除率（P＜0．05）、降低术后脑水肿反应发生率（P＜0．01），从而显著降低了手术死亡率（P＜0．05）和致残率（P＜0．05）。结论：显微手术是治疗自发性脑出血患者一种有效的手术方式。     

大鼠神经系统发育过程中神经元特异性烯醇酶的出现和意义

用自行提纯的人脑和牛脑神经元特异性烯醇酶(NSE)分别免疫家兔,制备兔抗人和抗牛NSE血清(抗NSEh和抗NSEb)。以PAP免疫组织化学染色,系统观察3O只发育出SD大鼠的脑、脊髓与脊神经节。发现NSE最先出现于胚胎15d的脊神经节神经元,随后相继出现于三叉神经节、脊髓、嗅皮质、海马、扣带回和外侧皮质神经元。表明NSE先后出现于周围神经和中枢神经系统,由脊髓向大脑、原始皮质及新皮质发展的顺序,与神经系统发育过程中的头向发展规律相一致。     

The organization of trigeminotectal and trigeminothalamic neurons in rodents: a double-labeling study with fluorescent dyes

Retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes (fast blue and diamidino-dihydrochloride yellow) were used to compare the distributions of trigeminofugal neurons that project to the superior colliculus and/or the thalamus in three rodent species. The objective was to determine what the projection and collateralization patterns of these trigeminofugal pathways are and whether they are similar among different species. In each anesthetized animal, one dye was injected into the superior colliculus and the other into the topographically congruent area of the thalamus. Counts of the numbers of yellow, blue, and double-labeled neurons were made throughout the trigeminal complex: principalis, pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. Trigeminothalamic projections were similar in each of the rodent species studied. The densest concentration of retrogradely labeled neurons was in principalis, with substantially fewer neurons in pars interpolaris, and fewer still in pars oralis and pars caudalis. These neurons were generally small and tended to have round or fusiform somata. A common pattern was also noted among the three species for trigeminotectal neurons. Most trigeminotectal projections originated from neurons in pars interpolaris, somewhat fewer from pars oralis, and the fewest from principalis and pars caudalis. These neurons tended to be the largest in each subdivision and were often multipolar. Following paired injections of the tracers, double-labeled neurons were scattered throughout the sensory trigeminal complex and had morphologies characteristic of single-labeled trigeminotectal neurons. Although comparatively few double-labeled neurons were observed in any species, most of those seen were restricted to the ventrolateral portion of pars interpolaris, a position that corresponds to the representation of the vibrissae. These data indicate that, regardless of the rodent species, the vast majority of labeled trigeminal neurons project either to the superior colliculus or the thalamus, but not to both targets. This might be expected on the basis of the very different behavioral roles these structures play. On the other hand, a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons exists (mainly in pars interpolaris) that does project to both the superior colliculus and the thalamus, perhaps because both structures require some of the same somatosensory information to perform their behavioral functions.     

基底节脑出血开颅手术与钻颅抽吸治疗的疗效比较（附136例报告）

目的比较基底节脑出血开颅手术治疗与钻颅抽吸治疗的有效性与安全性。方法回顾性分析我院近5年来基底节出血行外科开颅治疗和钻颅抽吸治疗的所有病例，应用统计学方法进行疗效比较。结果共136例基底节出血病例，其中30例行外科开颅清除血肿治疗，106例行钻颅抽吸治疗。两组病例在年龄、出血量、意识状态等预后影响因素方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。基底节出血开颅手术治疗有效性与安全性与钻颅抽吸治疗相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论基底节出血外科开颅治疗有效性与安全性并不优于钻颅抽吸治疗。     

NGF Augmentation rescues trigeminal ganglion and principalis neurons,but not brainstem or cortical whisker patterns,after infraorbital nerve injury at birth

Prior studies indicate that neonatal nerve injury kills many trigeminal (V) first- and second-order cells, and interrupts pattern formation in the brainstem and cerebral cortex. Yet it is not known whether effects upon cell survival and pattern formation are causally related. To determine whether axotomized V ganglion cells can be rescued by an exogenous trophic agent, rats received 5 mg/kg of nerve growth factor (NGF) prior to, and every day after, infraorbital nerve section on the day of birth until sacrifice on postnatal day (PND) 1, 3, 5, 7, or 14. Other animals received identical lesions without NGF. Ganglion cell numbers were significantly reduced by PNDl in pups not given NGF, while NGF-treated rats displayed no significant cell loss through PND7. However, NGF did not permanently rescue V neurons because ganglion cell numbers were reliably reduced by PND14. Cell numbers in V nucleus principalis were reduced by PNDl in pups not given NGF, while NGF-treated animals displayed no cell loss through PND14. NGF's rescue of second-order cells is probably an indirect effect of NGF actions upon V ganglion cells because, in other newborns, NGF failed to maintain principalis cells after direct lesion of the left V ganglion. To determine whether preventing cell death permits whisker-related pattern formation, other rats also received NGF prior to and after infraorbital nerve section at birth. After 3–14 days, patterns were assessed in the brainstem and cortex with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry and serotonin immunocytochemistry. Whisker-related patterns failed to develop as in cases not given NGF. These data indicate that communication with the periphery is necessary for the maintenance of central whisker-related patterns. They also suggest that V ganglion cells can be rescued, albeit temporarily, from rapid injury-induced death by NGF, thereby delaying injury-induced cell death in nucleus principalis. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for injury-induced pattern alterations in the developing V system remains to be elucidated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

GABAergic elements in the neuronal circuits of the monkey neostriatum: a light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study

An antibody raised in rabbits against a GABA-BSA conjugate was used together with the PAP technique to label elements in the neostriatum of three Old World monkeys. Light microscopy revealed numerous immunoreactive medium-size neurons of various staining intensities, some of which had indented nuclei, as well as an occasional large cell. The neuropil showed a plexus of fine processes with frequent puncta. Ultrastructurally, the medium-size GABA-positive neurons were of two types: one with smooth nuclei and scanty cytoplasm, similar to spiny I cells, the other with invaginated nuclear envelopes and more abundant perikaryon, resembling the aspiny type. Correspondingly, labeled dendrites were either spiny or varicose. Some stained axons were myelinated, and the boutons had either large and ovoid, or small and pleomorphic vesicles. All of these boutons formed symmetric synapses, the former type with GABA-positive dendritic shafts but also with unlabeled dendrites; the latter type usually with GABA-negative elements, either dendrites, dendritic spines, or somata. Synapses were also observed between unreactive boutons and immunostained dendrites. Terminals with densely packed, small round vesicles that established asymmetric synapses with spines were always GABA-negative. Glial elements were consistently unlabeled, save for some astroglial endfeet. These findings provide positive evidence for the existence of two classes of GABAergic striatal neurons corresponding to a long-axoned spiny I type and an aspiny interneuron. Furthermore, the simultaneous labeling of GABA-immunoreactive presynaptic and postsynaptic profiles offers possible morphologic bases for the various kinds of intrastriatal inhibitory processes, including the feedforward, feedback, and "autaptic" types.