后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位的临床体会

目的：探讨经后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位临床疗效。方法选取2011年6月至2013年12月在该院接受治疗的寰枢椎骨折脱位患者19例,经后路切开复位椎弓根螺钉内固定术。术后定期复查X线片了解骨折脱位矫正和后路植骨融合。参照日本骨科学会（JO A ）评分评估神经功能。结果患者植骨全部融合,内固定无松动,无断钉、断棒发生,JO A评分由术前（7．35±2．39）分改善至术后（13．21±2．53）分,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗上颈椎损伤疗效满意。     

现代分析技术在中药鉴定中的应用

目的：介绍现代分析技术在中药鉴定中的应用。方法：从理化技术、X射线衍射法、光谱法、色谱法、色谱-光谱联用分析法、中药指纹图谱等现代技术综述了中药鉴定技术的进展。结果与结论：中药鉴定新技术在中药鉴定方面得到了广泛的应用和发展。     

深红沙雷菌染色体DNA分子生物学特性研究

院内感染流行病学调查方法已由生物学迈进到分子生物学领域。选用ＨｉｎｄⅢ、Ｅｃｏ ＲＩ、Ｂａｍ ＨＩ、Ｂｇｌ Ｉ和Ｘｂａ Ⅰ限制性核酸内切酶，对某院心外科６名患者术后感染和呼吸机三通接头分离的深红沙雷菌（ＳＲ），分别进行染色体ＤＮＡ酶切图谱（ＲＥＡ）分析，并应用ＰＣＲ技术，从Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中分别扩增出１６ｓ、２３ｓ核糖体核糖核酸（ｒＤＮＡ）基因。以［α＾３２Ｐ］ｄＡＴＰ经缺口平移法标记探针ｒＤＮＡ为广     

高颈位手术入路中寰椎横突的解剖学意义

目的 研究寰椎横突(TPA)在高颈位手术入路中的临床解剖学意义.方法 成人尸头标本20例,在手术显微镜下以TPA为参照中心对高颈部进行显微解剖.结果 在确定TPA位置之后以之为中心,高颈部的所有重要结构均可有条理地识别.TPA浅面有二腹肌后腹.茎突位于其前方,颈内静脉和后组颅神经位于茎突和TPA之间.沿颈动脉鞘向上可至颈动脉管和颈静脉孔(JF).JF的前下方,舌下神经通过舌下神经管出颅.TPA后部为枕下三角,三角内可见椎动脉及静脉丛.结论 TPA在高颈位手术入路中是一个恒定而又可靠的解剖学标记,可通过其切除病变同时识别并保护相关的重要组织结构,减少并发症的发生.     

AChE-stained horizontal sections of the rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates

This paper presents an atlas of the rat brain based on horizontal sections stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Fourteen labeled photographs from sections at 0.5 mm intervals are presented. The atlas is intended for use with male rats 250-300 g in weight. It was constructed using the flat-skull position (lambda and bregma in same horizontal plane). Either the interaural midline or bregma can serve as the reference zero point. We have found the stain for AChE to be a useful general purpose stain for identifying brain nuclei and tracts.     

Fractures of the arches of the atlas: A Study of their causation

Summary The autopsy findings in 32 accidental deaths which showed fracture(s) of the arches of the atlas have been correlated to reconstructions of the course of events in the accidents.Flexion of the head causing fracture(s) of the neural arch or odontoid process of the axis also resulted in fracture(s) of the posterior arch due to downward traction. Extension of the head causing fracture of the odontoid process of the axis gave rise to fractures of the posterior arch due to pressure from below. Tilting of the head caused marginal fractures of the anterior arch due to oblique traction. Tilting of the head also caused fracture(s) of the anterior and/or posterior arch due to transverse extension of the atlas ring and/or superior dislocation of one lateral mass in relation to the other. Oblique flexion or extension of the head resulted in similar fractures. Flexion of the head with some rotation combined with compression of the neck can cause the anterior margin of one upper joint surface of the axis to act as a wedge separating the anterior arch of the atlas from below. Extension of the head with some rotation combined with compression of the neck can lead to a fracture running through one lateral mass due to its tilting-dislocation in posterior direction.It is striking that there was no fracture of the atlas which could be ascribed to a simple and symmetric compression of the neck (classical Jefferson's fracture).     

Atlas of the human brain for computed tomography based on the glabella-inion line

Summary The glabella-inion line was adopted as the baseline for computed tomographic scanning of the brain. An atlas based on the GI line was prepared for computed tomography.     

Imaging anatomy of the cranio-vertebral junction (occipito-atlanto-axial joint)

The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is directly related to the ability to interpret differences between significant pathology and normal anatomical variations. A multidisciplinary investigation of the cranio-vertebral articulation with CT, MRI, anatomical dissections and sections, 3D reconstruction, and injections of contrast into the joint spaces has demonstrated some of the anatomical structures which can cause differences in CT and MR images. Some of the factors which can contribute to variations observed in clinical imaging include the supraodontoid bursa with varying amounts of fat or containing a Bergmann's ossicle, fat pads related to the transverse ligament or laxity of the ligament, identification of the ossiculum terminale or of the synostosis at the base of the dens, and flow patterns in the vertebral plexus of veins.     

Anatomical organization of the cerebrum of the praying mantis Hierodula membranacea

Many predatory animals, such as the praying mantis, use vision for prey detection and capture. Mantises are known in particular for their capability to estimate distances to prey by stereoscopic vision. While the initial visual processing centers have been extensively documented, we lack knowledge on the architecture of central brain regions, pivotal for sensory motor transformation and higher brain functions. To close this gap, we provide a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the central brain of the Asian mantis, Hierodula membranacea. The atlas facilitates in-depth analysis of neuron ramification regions and aides in elucidating potential neuronal pathways. We integrated seven 3D-reconstructed visual interneurons into the atlas. In total, 42 distinct neuropils of the cerebrum were reconstructed based on synapsin-immunolabeled whole-mount brains. Backfills from the antenna and maxillary palps, as well as immunolabeling of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), further substantiate the identification and boundaries of brain areas. The composition and internal organization of the neuropils were compared to the anatomical organization of the brain of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the two available brain atlases of Polyneoptera—the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and the Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae). This study paves the way for detailed analyses of neuronal circuitry and promotes cross-species brain comparisons. We discuss differences in brain organization between holometabolous and polyneopteran insects. Identification of ramification sites of the visual neurons integrated into the atlas supports previous claims about homologous structures in the optic lobes of flies and mantises.     

不同年龄寰枢椎椎弓根的数字化测量

背景：CT重建技术能够提供寰枢椎内部结构的数字化模型,并利用相关软件在模型上进行手术设计及相关参数的测量,为椎弓根螺钉的安全、有效置入提供可靠数据。目的：综述寰枢椎数字化测量的研究进展,为椎弓根螺钉技术在寰枢椎疾患治疗应用中提供理论依据。方法：应用计算机检索1994至2012年PubMed数据库、维普数据库及万方数据库中有关CT重建在寰枢椎椎弓根测量中应用的文献。中文检索词为寰椎椎弓根,枢椎椎弓根,计算机辅助设计,数字化,成人,儿童。英文检索词为atlaspedicle,axispedicle,digitization,computer-aideddesign,children。初检得到110篇文献,40篇文献最终进入结果分析。结果与结论：应用CT重建技术可获得清晰的颈椎图像,应用现代数字技术直接建立椎弓根进钉通道,根据通道的位置来确定螺钉的定位点、进钉方向及长度,该方法更直接更具体更精确,能够为临床个体化置钉提供指导。国内外对成人寰枢椎椎弓根的研究已经获得了许多重要的科学数据,但关于儿童寰枢椎椎弓根研究的报道较少见。相信随着医学技术的发展和对儿童寰枢椎椎弓根进行较精准的数字化测量,儿童寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术将更加安全、准确。