Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 8-ST63 Multidrug-Resistant Recombinant Clone,Spain

Since 2004, a total of 131 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae multidrug-resistant invasive serotype 8 have been detected in Spain. These isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were obtained from adult patients and shared a common genotype (sequence type [ST]63; penicillin-binding protein 1a [pbp1a], pbp2b, and pbp2x gene profiles; ermB and tetM genes; and a ParC-S79F change). Sixty-eight isolates that required a ciprofloxacin MIC ≥16 μg/mL had additional gyrA gene changes. Serotype 8-ST63 pbp2x sequences were identical with those of antimicrobial drug–susceptible serotype 8-ST53 isolates. Serotype 8-ST63 pbp2b sequences were identical with those of the multidrug-resistant Sweden 15A-ST63 clone. Recombination between the capsular locus and flanking regions of an ST53 isolate (donor) and an ST63 pneumococcus (recipient) generated the novel 15A-ST63 clone. One recombination point was upstream of pbp2x and another was within pbp1a. A serotype 8-ST63 clone was identified as a cause of invasive disease in Spain.     

Serological Evidence Indicates that Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O,C and SAT1 are most Dominant in Eritrea

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Eritrea and in most parts of Africa. To be able to control FMD using vaccination, information on the occurrence of various foot‐and‐mouth disease serotypes in Eritrea is needed. In this cross‐sectional study, 212 sera samples were collected from FMD infected and recovered animals in Eritrea. These samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against FMD non‐structural proteins (NSP) and neutralizing antibodies against six of the seven (all but SAT 3) serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV). Of these, 67.0% tested positive to non‐structural protein antibodies in the FMD NS ELISA. By virus neutralization, FMDV serotype O antibodies were shown to be the most dominant (approximately 50%). Virus neutralization test results indicate that infection with serotype C and SAT 1 might have occurred, although there are no reports of isolation of these two serotypes. Because the samples were not randomly selected, further random serological surveillance in all age group animals is necessary both to estimate the prevalence of FMD in the country and to confirm the serological results with serotype C and SAT 1.     

Strong protection induced by an experimental DIVA subunit vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle

Bluetongue virus (BTV) infections in ruminants pose a permanent agricultural threat since new serotypes are constantly emerging in new locations. Clinical disease is mainly observed in sheep, but cattle were unusually affected during an outbreak of BTV seroype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe. We previously developed an experimental vaccine based on recombinant viral protein 2 (VP2) of BTV-8 and non-structural proteins 1 (NS1) and NS2 of BTV-2, mixed with an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM)–matrix adjuvant. We demonstrated that bovine immune responses induced by this vaccine were as good or superior to those induced by a classic commercial inactivated vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of the experimental vaccine in cattle and, based on the detection of VP7 antibodies, assessed its DIVA compliancy following virus challenge. Two groups of BTV-seronegative calves were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 3-week interval with the subunit vaccine (n = 6) or with adjuvant alone (n = 6). Following BTV-8 challenge 3 weeks after second immunization, controls developed viremia and fever associated with other mild clinical signs of bluetongue disease, whereas vaccinated animals were clinically and virologically protected. The vaccine-induced protection was likely mediated by high virus-neutralizing antibody titers directed against VP2 and perhaps by cellular responses to NS1 and NS2. T lymphocyte responses were cross-reactive between BTV-2 and BTV-8, suggesting that NS1 and NS2 may provide the basis of an adaptable vaccine that can be varied by using VP2 of different serotypes. The detection of different levels of VP7 antibodies in vaccinated animals and controls after challenge suggested a compliancy between the vaccine and the DIVA companion test. This BTV subunit vaccine is a promising candidate that should be further evaluated and developed to protect against different serotypes.     

龙岩市239株沙门菌毒力基因检测结果分析

目的 了解龙岩市沙门菌毒力基因携带与变迁情况,为沙门菌病的防制提供理论依据。方法 对1991-2017年间收集的分离自人体与食品样本的239株沙门菌进行复核鉴定,并用PCR方法检测invA、sopB、sifA、sscA、sseE、spvB、spvC、spvR、pefA等9个沙门菌毒力基因的片段。结果 龙岩市沙门菌以肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为主,占62.3%(149/239),属于SPI1的invA、sopB毒力基因检出率为100%,属于SPI2的sseE、sscA、sifA毒力基因的检出率分别为99.2%、95.0%、85.4%,毒力质粒基因spvC检出率71.1%,pefA、spvB、spvR检出率均为46.4%。并且其携带数量也随着时间的进程而显著增加;肠炎沙门菌质粒毒力基因携带率显著高于鼠伤寒沙门菌。肠炎沙门菌以检出全部9种毒力基因为主,占83.5%(76/91);鼠伤寒沙门菌以invA、sopB、sseE、sscA、sifA阳性,spvB、spvR、pefA阴性结果多见,占77.6%(45/58)。人体与食品样本来源的沙门菌所携带毒力基因数量没有差异。结论 龙岩市沙门菌携带毒力基因数量较多,毒力较强,质粒毒力基因随着时间的进程而累积,人源性与食源性沙门菌交叉污染严重,必须加强人、禽、畜沙门菌病的监测与管理。     

Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Associated with Death,South Africa, 2012–2018

The Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide capsule plays a role in disease severity. We assessed the association of serotype with case-fatality ratio (CFR) in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and meningitis in South Africa, 2012–2018 (vaccine era), using multivariable logistic regression by manual backward elimination. The most common serotypes causing IPD were 8 and 19A. In patients <15 years of age, serotypes associated with increased CFR in IPD, compared with serotype 8 and controlling for confounding factors, were 11A, 13, 19F, 15A, and 6A. None of these serotypes were associated with increased CFR in meningitis. Among IPD patients >15 years of age, serotype 15B/C was associated with increased CFR. Among meningitis patients of all ages, serotype 1 was associated with increased CFR. PCV13 serotypes 1, 3, 6A, 19A, and 19F should be monitored, and serotypes 8, 12F, 15A, and 15B/C should be considered for inclusion in vaccines to reduce deaths caused by S. pneumoniae.     

A Vaccine Based on the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage

The recent emergence and circulation of the A/ASIA/G-VII (A/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A/ASIA/Iran-05 (A/IRN/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8–230) PD₅₀/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A/IRN/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4–6.0) PD₅₀/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (≤log₁₀ 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r₁-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03–0.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004–0.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A/IRN/05 lineage and therefore the A/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A/IRN/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.     

不同血清型变形链球菌表面蛋白可变区(extended-V)的同源性分析

目的 分析不同血清型变形链球菌表面蛋白可变区（extended-V）的基因及蛋白质的同源性,探讨该区在防龋疫苗研制中的作用。方法 以变形链球菌血清型c、d、f、g参考株及部分c型临床株为模板,PCR扩增SrV+区片段,通过内切酶DdeⅠ进行限制性片段长度多态性分析并测序,将其测序结果在NCBI服务器上用blastn搜索软件进行同源性比较。结果 在相同条件下血清c、f型菌株均扩增出约1.13 kb左右的片段,酶切后出现5种基因型（A、B、C、D、E）。选取所占比例较多的A、B、C型代表株进行测序,经比较显示其基因型间的同源性达92%-98%。血清d、g型无扩增产物,将g型6715表面蛋白SpaA全片段基因同OMZ175的产物序列在blastn上进行比较,有3个大小不一的片段出现同源性;血清d型OMZ176的表面蛋白基因序列在GeneBank上未能查出,故无法比较,但其相应蛋白质的同源性也在77%-82%之间,显示出相当高的同源性。结论 就c、f型菌株来说,可以将该区纳入疫苗的研究范畴;d、g型虽未能扩增出相应产物,但其基因还是存在部分区域的相似性,且其蛋白质同源性很高,也可以考虑利用d、g型上同c、f型共有的某些肽段进行疫苗的研制。     

Ⅱ型猪链球菌浙江分离株cps2J、ef、mrp基因的克隆及序列分析

目的阐明浙江省猪链球菌分离株的血清型分型,分析其与国内外其他猪链球菌Ⅱ型（SS2）菌株 cps2J、ef、mrp毒力基因的差异。方法参照GenBank上已发表的cps2J、ef、mrp毒力基因序列,设计引物 ,对6株浙江省猪链球菌分离株进行cps2J、ef、mrp全基因克隆及序列测定,并与国内外其他分离株的基 因序列进行比较。结果cps2J、ef、mrp基因的完整开放阅读框（ORF）分别为999bp、2532bp、3771bp,各 自编码333、843、1256个氨基酸。经对cps2J、ef、mrp毒力基因的序列比较与系统进化分析,6株浙江分 离株均分布在SS2发生群中,与国内外其他SS2菌株cps2J、ef、mrp基因核苷酸的同源性均较高,分别为 98.39%～100.0%、99.6%～100.0%和99.4%～100.0%,分离的年代和地区对基因的同源性和系统进化分支影 响不大。结论6株浙江省猪链球菌分离株为2型菌株,cps2J、ef、mrp基因序列非常保守,与GenBank上国 内及欧洲SS2菌株中相应序列有很高的同源性,可能有着相同的起源。     

2006-2017年四川省临床分离猪链球菌2型的病原学特征

目的 了解四川省2006-2017年临床分离猪链球菌2型的病原学特征。方法 对2006-2017年四川省临床分离的28株猪链球菌2型进行毒力基因检测、药物敏感性分析、脉冲场凝胶电泳分析(PFGE)。结果 28株猪链球菌2型分为2种毒力基因型,1株为cps2J+/mrp-/sly+/gapdh+/ef+型别,其余均为cps2J+/mrp+/sly+/gapdh+/ef+型别;药敏检测结果显示,28株猪链球菌对第三代、第四代头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类、青霉素、左氧氟沙星、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、氯霉素、达托霉素均敏感,对四环素均耐药。28株猪链球菌中,仅2株对克林霉素、阿奇霉素、红霉素耐药,其余均敏感。PFGE分析结果显示,28株猪链球菌呈现6种PFGE图谱,相似性为76%,其中23株是完全相同的图谱,占82.14%;2006-2007年分离的19株菌呈现完全相同的PFGE图谱,2010年后分离的9株呈现出6种PFGE图谱。结论 2006-2017年四川省临床分离猪链球菌2型流行株的毒力基因型主要为高致病性cps2J+/mrp+/sly+/gapdh+/ef+型别,对β-内酰胺类药物敏感,2006、2007年不同市区临床分离的猪链球菌2型为统一来源,2010年后分离的菌株PFGE图谱相似度较低。