JCL roundtable: Lipids and inflammation in atherosclerosis

Clinical effort in lipidology focuses largely on mitigating effects of atherosclerosis, a pathologic process localized to the intimal layer of larger arteries. This JCL Roundtable brings together 3 leading researchers to discuss the current understanding of pathogenesis in atherosclerosis. We begin by recognizing that low density lipoprotein concentrations in arterial intima far exceed concentrations in other connective tissues, consistent with the response-to-retention hypothesis of atherogenesis. High density lipoproteins facilitate reverse cholesterol transport and also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles. New evidence points to remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as promoters of atherogenesis, highlighted by deleterious effects of apolipoprotein C-III. The multifaceted role of inflammation is becoming clearer through discoveries related to leukocyte recruitment, efferocytosis, resolution of inflammation, and crystal formation. MicroRNAs represent a new, complex mode of gene regulation bearing on lipoprotein and inflammation biology. Progress in understanding atherosclerosis portends a future in which residual risk related to obesity, diabetes, and other factors will yield to new targeted therapies.     

经腹彩色多普勒超声血流显像诊断宫内残留物的价值

目的　探讨经腹彩色多普勒超声血流显像 (CDFI)诊断宫内残留物的临床价值。方法　应用经腹超声结合 CDFI诊断宫内残留物 183例 ,并与尿 HCG和清宫术后病理结果对照。结果　 183例宫内残留物全部经清宫术后病理证实。尿 HCG阳性 171例 ,占 93.4 % (171/ 183) ,阴性 12例 ,占 6 .6 % (12 /183)。CDFI检测到残留物基底部与局部宫壁组织内有血流信号 15 8例 ,占 86 .3% (15 8/ 183) ,尿 HCG均为阳性 ;无血流信号 2 5例 ,占 13.7% (2 5 / 183) ,尿 HCG阳性 13例 ,阴性 12例。脉冲多普勒 (PW)呈类滋养层血流频谱 ,阻力指数 (RI)平均值 0 .4 4(0 .34～ 0 .5 8)。结论　经腹超声结合 CDFI能对宫内残留物进行诊断和鉴别诊断 ,并能根据血流信号检出部位进行定位 ,具有重要的临床应用价值     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对心血管危险因素的影响

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)在心血管疾病发病中的作用。方法将2007年1月~2008年12月在呼吸睡眠监测中心就诊的成年患者,进行多导睡眠图(PSG)检测,根据睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)将所有对象分为轻度组(AHI为5~20次/h)、中度组(AHI为21~40次/h)、重度组(AHI大于40次/h)和健康对照组(AHI小于5次/h);全自动生化仪检测血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A-I、载脂蛋白B、脂蛋白a;ELISA法检测患者外周血清C反应蛋白。结果所有入选对象M型超声心动图检测结果均在正常范围内。血脂检测显示:①HDL-C、载脂蛋白A-I在OSAHS组和对照组间比较无统计学意义;②脂蛋白a、载脂蛋白B水平在OSASH各组间比较无统计学意义,但均高于对照组(P均小于0.05);③与对照组相比,OSAHS患者的甘油三酯和LDL-C水平明显升高(P<0.05),重度组明显高于轻中度组(P<0.05),轻中度组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);④与健康对照组相比,OSAHS患者的外周血总胆固醇水平显著升高,并随着OSAHS病情加重呈升高趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。OSAHS患者外周血清C反应蛋白水平明显高于健康对照组,并且随着病情加重逐渐上升,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论OSAHS可引起患者血清C反应蛋白和血脂升高,导致OSAHS患者心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率上升,这将为临床上心血管疾病的早期诊断和OSAHS的治疗提供新思路。     

脂蛋白(a)与血脂指标对冠心病诊断价值的比较和评价

目的　评价脂蛋白 (a)及其联合其他血脂指标对冠心病的诊断价值。方法　分析 6 38例怀疑冠心病患者 (其中经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病 4 10例 ,非冠心病 2 2 8例 )的临床资料 ,用标准方法检测血脂水平 ,比较各个血脂指标的诊断价值。结果　冠心病患者的血清总胆固醇 [(5 .0± 1.2 )mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 [(LDL C) (3.0± 1.0 ) ]mmol/L、脂蛋白 (a) [(2 6 0± 2 2 6 )mg/L]水平及总胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)的比值 (5 .2± 2 .0 )显著高于非冠心病患者 [(4 .6± 1.1)mmol/L ,(2 .6± 0 .9)mmol/L ,(192± 174 )mg/L ,4 .5± 1.5 ,P≤ 0 .0 0 1],HDL C水平 [(1.0± 0 .3)mmol/L]明显低于非冠心病患者 [(1.1± 0 .3)mmol/L ,P =0 .0 4 5 ],而两组间其他血脂水平差异无统计学意义。冠心病患者中 ,血清总胆固醇、LDL C、脂蛋白 (a)及总胆固醇与HDL C比值的异常率显著高于非冠心病患者 ,其他血脂指标的异常率在两组无明显差别。脂蛋白 (a)对冠心病的预测值及似然比并不优于其他血脂指标 ,联合LDL C可提高阳性预测值及似然比。在logstic多元回归中 ,冠心病的危险性与传统的危险因素均呈正相关 ,脂蛋白 (a)与冠心病的相关性不优于其他指标。结论　脂蛋白p(a)对冠心病的预测价值并不优于其他血     

Virtual Resection: A New Tool for Preparing for Nephron-Sparing Surgery in Wilms Tumor Patients

Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in Wilms tumor (WT) patients is a surgically challenging procedure used in highly selective cases only. Virtual resections can be used for preoperative planning of NSS to estimate the remnant renal volume (RRV) and to virtually mimic radical tumor resection. In this single-center evaluation study, virtual resection for NSS planning and the user experience were evaluated. Virtual resection was performed in nine WT patient cases by two pediatric surgeons and one pediatric urologist. Pre- and postoperative MRI scans were used for 3D visualization. The virtual RRV was acquired after performing virtual resection and a questionnaire was used to assess the ease of use. The actual RRV was derived from the postoperative 3D visualization and compared with the derived virtual RRV. Virtual resection resulted in virtual RRVs that matched nearly perfectly with the actual RRVs. According to the questionnaire, virtual resection appeared to be straightforward and was not considered to be difficult. This study demonstrated the potential of virtual resection as a new planning tool to estimate the RRV after NSS in WT patients. Future research should further evaluate the clinical relevance of virtual resection by relating it to surgical outcome.     

Characterization of the response of growth and differentiation to lipoproteins and agents affecting cholesterol metabolism in murine neuroblastoma cells

Treatment with mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of HMGCoAR, the key enzyme of isoprenoid metabolism, causes the arrest of proliferation and the differentiation of a neuroblastoma cell line (N18TG2). Mevalonate and high density lipoproteins partially restore growth.Cholesterol synthesis in the presence of mevinolin remains active, because in these cells the key enzyme HMG-CoA reductase is not completely inhibited by this drug. The fact that cell growth is reduced, while cholesterogenesis remains active, suggests that mevinolin acts by interfering with the synthesis of some unknown compound, other than cholesterol, which is necessary for proliferation.     

96例冠心病介入治疗患者ABCA1基因启动子区-477C/T单核苷酸多态性分析

目的研究ABCA1基因启动子区-477C／T单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和冠心病的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应、限制性酶切法（PCR-RFLP）检测96例冠心病患者和100例正常人的ABCA1基因启动子区-477位点基因型,比较基因型在冠心病组与正常人组间、冠心病组中不同病变亚组之间分布的差异性及3种基因型与冠心病相关临床指标的关系。结果冠心病组与正常人组比较,3种基因型CC、CT、TT分布频率差异具有显著性。TT基因型、T等位基因在冠心病组中的分布频率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。冠心病组中,急性冠脉综合征组TT基因型、T等位基因明显高于稳定性心绞痛组（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）,多支病变组TT基因型明显高于单支病变组（P〈0．05）,TT基因型血浆I-IDL-C水平明显低于CC基因型（P〈0．01）。结论ABCAl基因启动子区-477C／TSNP可显著影响中国冠心病者血浆HDL-C水平,而且与冠心病严重程度相关。     

Remnant liver regeneration and spleen volume changes after living liver donation: influence of the middle hepatic vein

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Graft harvest with or without the middle hepatic vein (MHV) affects venous return and function of the remaining liver. The aims of this study are to compare the remnant liver volume and spleen changes in the donors of different types of graft harvest and to evaluate the influence of resection with or without the MHV on the remnant liver volume regeneration, spleen volume change and serum total bilirubin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 165 donors were grouped according to the type of graft harvest: 88 donors underwent left lateral segmentectomy (LLS), 10 donors underwent extend LLS or left lobectomy (LL), and 67 donors underwent right lobectomy (RL). Groups LLS and LL were later combined as group LH (left hepatectomy, n = 98). There were 68 men and 97 women. The mean age was 32.9 +/- 8.1 yr. The total liver volume (LV) and spleen volume (S1) before graft harvest, graft weight (GW), regenerated liver volume (LV(6m)) and spleen volume (S2) six months post-donation were calculated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the regenerated liver volume six months postoperation (LV(6m)) and recovery ratio (LV(6m)/LV x 100%) among the different groups, albeit significant smaller LV(6m) in both groups compared with the initial liver volume was noted. Postoperative spleen volume (S2), average spleen ratio (S2/S1) and spleen change ratio were significantly larger and higher in group RL than in group LH. A significant increase in spleen volume was noted in both groups six months after graft harvest. A significantly higher TB in group RL (4.1 +/- 1.7 mg/dL, range: 1.4-8.5 mg/dL) was noted compared with that of group LH (1.6 +/- 1.0 mg/dL, range: 0.7-6.2 mg/dL). CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in the regenerated remnant liver and splenic volumes six months postoperation in all types of hepatectomy following living donor hepatectomy, and there was no difference in the mean TB levels among donors whether the MHV was included or not in the graft.     

标准化残肝比例预测ALPPS术后肝功能不全的临床价值

[摘 要] 目的 探讨标准化残肝比例（SRLVR）预测联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎二步肝切除术（ALPPS）后发生肝功能不全的临床价值。方法 采用回顾性横断面研究方法,收集2013年1月至2016年12月在右江民族医学院附属医院行ALPPS的29例原发性肝癌患者的临床资料,依据是否发生肝功能不全将29例患者分为肝功能不全组和无肝功能不全组。测定下列参数：全肝体积（TLV）、残肝体积（RLV）、残肝比例（RLVR）、体表面积（BSA）、标准化全肝体积（SLV）、标准化残肝比例（SRLVR）,测定ALPPS I期术后标准化残肝比例的安全临界值。结果 29例I期术后患者有25例（86.2%）获得了二期手术,一期术后有6例发生肝功能不全。两组患者的年龄、全肝体积、残肝体积、标准肝体积、残余肝比例相比,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;肝功能不全组的标准化残肝比例为（32.27±1.99）%,无肝功能不全组的标准化残肝比例为（35.68±2.51）%,两组相比差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。ROC曲线分析计算出SRLVR的安全临界值为36.24%。结论 标准化残肝比例是预测ALPPS术后发生肝功能不全的有效指标,若SRLVR < 36.24%,则ALPPS I期术后发生肝功能不全的风险极高。