Fine-needle aspiration cytology of juvenile papillomatosis of breast: A case report

The cytologic findings of juvenile papillomatosis (JP) have been rarely described. The clinical and cytologic findings were suggestive of a fibroadenoma, but due to the presence of 2 cc of clear fluid during the aspiration, fibrocystic change was in the differential diagnosis. Operation and subsequent examination of the mass identified a case of JP (so-called Swiss cheese disease of the breast). Because JP is a marker for breast carcinoma for the patients' families, and the patients may themselves be at increase risk for malignancy, it is important that this entity be considered in the differential diagnosis. The observations in this case indicate that it is difficult to diagnose JP only by cytology, but the combination of clinical findings—a well-circumscribed mass in a young patient with cystic fluid, but with a residual mass after aspiration due to the multicystic nature of JP—with the cytologic findings—sheets of hyperplatic breast epithelium with areas resembling fibroadenoma, macrophages, and apocrine cells—that appear to be sufficiently characteristic to suggest the diagnosis of JP.     

党参多糖介导Nrf2通路对缺氧缺血性脑损伤的抗氧化和神经保护作用

目的　研究党参多糖对缺氧缺血性脑损伤的抗氧化和神经保护作用及其机制。 方法　采用Rice法建立HIBI模型。假手术组和模型组灌胃给予生理盐水，模型加药组灌胃给予党参多糖。分别进行神经功能学评分，观察脑积水量，脑组织病理学改变，神经元细胞凋亡情况，脑组织脂质过氧化物水平，抗氧化和神经保护相关蛋白表达水平。 结果　党参多糖能显著改善模型大鼠神经功能、脑水肿（P<0.01）和病理改变，降低细胞凋亡率（P<0.01）和Bax表达（P<0.01），降低LDH和MDA含量（P<0.01）；同时，上调Bcl-2表达（P<0.01）和SOD活性（P<0.01），增加bFGF、BDNF、PSD95、SYP、Nrf2和HO-1表达（P<0.01）。 结论　党参多糖对缺氧缺血性脑损伤具有抗氧化和神经保护作用，可能与介导Nrf2信号通路相关。     

Ras homolog gene family H (RhoH) deficiency induces psoriasis-like chronic dermatitis by promoting TH17 cell polarization

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Does cyclosporine influence the results of cadaver retransplantation?

The results of cadaveric retransplantation in 55 recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine and prednisone were compared to 156 recipients of primary renal allografts. By 3 yr posttransplant, there is no significant difference in patient survival, but the yearly graft survival for primary (79%, 72%, 72%) as compared to retransplant (69%, 58%, 58%) recipients was significantly (p less than 0.05) better. There was no significant difference in rejection episodes or mean +/- SD serum creatinine (mg/dl) at 2 yr between primary (32%, 2.14 +/- 1.1) and retransplant (33%, 2.08 +/- 1.4) patients, respectively. Donor source, third kidneys, human leukocyte antigen AB and Dr matching, percent reactive antibody levels, and cause of first graft loss do not have significant impact on cyclosporine-treated retransplant outcome. However, retransplant patients who have lost a previous graft in less than 3 months continue to be at high risk for subsequent early graft loss. These results suggest that the combination of cyclosporine and prednisone is the preferred regimen for cadaveric retransplantation.     

Paraffin wax-embedded material as a source of DNA for the detection of somatic genetic changes

Loss of genetic material, corresponding to chromosomal deletions, has been detected in a wide range of tumours and may indicate the position of a tumour suppressor gene. In order to identify the position of such a gene more precisely, many tumour samples must be studied until a minimum consensus deletion is characterized. This process is particularly necessary for lung tumours in which the deletion in chromosome 3, seen with such high frequencies in all histological subtypes, is almost always large. We have recently described the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA isolated from small bronchial biopsies of lung tumours. In this study we adapted this technique to allow genotyping of DNA isolated from paraffin wax-embedded material (PWEM) microdissected from glass slides. We have investigated 12 lung tumours at polymorphic loci on chromosome 3 and showed allelic loss in all samples. In adapting PCR–RFLP analysis for DNA isolated from PWEM, we have concentrated on those approaches which might be adaptable to routine clinical practice. Somatic genetic changes are now being identified in many tumour types, and this information is expected to be of diagnostic and prognostic significance.     

Development of neural processes mediating rhyme judgments: Phonological and orthographic interactions

Development of neural processes underlying integration of phonological and orthographic information were assessed by measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs), judgment accuracies and reaction times (RTs) in 20 children (9-10 years) and 20 adults performing visual rhyme judgments. Half the trials were phonologically and orthographically congruent across the prime-target pairs (e.g., thrown-own, cake-own), and half were incongruent (e.g., gown-own, cone-own). For both children and adults, behavioral performance was most affected when different phonological representations had to be encoded from similar orthographic representations (e.g., gown-own), and the amplitudes of the N350 reflected effects of both rhyme and phonological/orthographic congruency. Latencies of the N350 were shorter over the left hemisphere only in adults, and phonological/orthographic incongruence produced greater delays in children's processing. Therefore, it appears that neural systems mediating rhyming judgments develop early; however, adults exhibit increased efficiency for left-hemisphere processing and are less affected by interference from incongruent phonological and orthographic codes.     

Physiological Detection of Deception: Measurement of Responses to Questions and Answers During Countermeasure Maneuvers

Physiological detection of deception (“lie detection”) procedures were evaluated with 24 actors, half of whom were “guilty” of a mock-crime and half were “innocent.” All subjects were trained in the Stanislavsky method of acting and were instructed to use this method to appear innocent on the polygraph test. Two versions of the control question detection of deception test were employed: one in which subjects verbally answered immediately following each question and the other in which they delayed their verbal answer for 8 sec following each question. The delayed answer technique allowed the separate measurement of physiological responses to the questions and the answers. Skin resistance responses, cardiovascular changes, and respiration were recorded and analyzed. Excluding inconclusive results, the overall accuracy of the decisions varied between 78% and 91% depending on the test employed. The principal results were: 1) attempts by guilty subjects to appear innocent were totally ineffective, 2) physiological responses elicited by the questions were more valid indicators of deception and nondeception than were the responses elicited by the verbal answers, and 3) errors occurred more frequently with innocent subjects (between 17% and 25% depending on the measure used) than with guilty subjects (0% with each measure). Variables which may affect the generalizability of these results to the field situation are discussed and suggestions for increasing the generalizability of laboratory findings are made.     

Glomerular changes in BK virus nephropathy

This study seeks to define the glomerular changes that are associated with human BK virus nephropathy (BKVN). It is based on histopathologic review of 124 biopsies showing light-microscopic changes of viral nephropathy. The diagnosis of BKVN was confirmed by immunohistochemistry or by in situ hybridization. Histological lesions were scored by the Banff 97 criteria for renal allograft pathology and were correlated with clinical parameters. Viral cytopathic effect in the parietal Bowman's capsular epithelium was seen in 21/124 (17%) biopsies. Immunohistochemistry showed infection of Bowman's capsular epithelium in an additional 15/124 (12%) biopsies. Crescents were found in 15/124 (12%) samples. Glomerulitis exceeding grade Banff g1 was only occasionally shown (4/124=3% biopsies). Other pathologic lesions documented include mild increase in mesangial matrix in 23% biopsies, aneurysmal dilatation of glomerular capillaries in 28%, ischemic glomerulopathy in 62%, and chronic transplant glomerulopathy graded as mild (cg1) in 62% of biopsies and as moderate (cg2) in 2/124 (1.9%) biopsies. These findings show that infection of the glomerular epithelium cells can occur in a subset of patients with BKVN, most often in biopsies with high viral load in the tubular epithelium. Isolated crescents can occur in BKVN biopsies, but rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is not observed. Two biopsies showed electron-dense deposits on ultrastructural examination, but a cause and effect relationship to BK virus infection could not be established.     

Primary rhabdoid tumour of the brain

Summary A posterior fossa tumour in a 3 year old child is presented with characteristic histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of rhabdoid tumour. Many tumour cells contained cytoplasmic eosinophilic hyaline inclusions. Ultrastructurally concentric whorls of 10 nm intermediate filaments were identified. Immunohistochemical staining disclosed vimentin, cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen positivity. Renal and extrarenal rhabdoid tumours have been well documented but a primary rhabdoid tumour of the brain is extremely rare. Additional ultrastructural features seen were tubular crystalline inclusions in endoplasmic reticulum and abnormal large mitochondria.     

Transformationsvorgänge in der Frühphase der Entstehung des arteriellen Thrombus

Zusammenfassung In unserer ultrastrukturell durchgeführten Studie wurden Thromben in der Arteria carotis communis von Ratten nach einer zuerst von Meng und Seuter (1977) beschriebenen Methode experimentell erzeugt. Induktion der Thrombusbildung erfolgte in vivo durch Unterkühlung eines kleinen Gefäßabschnittes unter konstantem Druck und kurzfristiger Stase. Eine Änderung des Blutflusses wurde durch einen Silberclip erzeugt. Die geschädigten Gefäßsegmente einschließlich der Thromben bzw. deren Vorstufen wurden nach 5, 10, 30 min und 1, 4 und 24 h nach der Thrombosestimulation entnommen und fixiert. Semidünnschnitte und Ultradünnschnitte wurden im Licht- und Elektronenmikroskop morphologisch untersucht.Den Transformationsvorgängen im Thrombus konnten exakte Zeitmarken zugeordnet werden. Als wichtigstes histopathologisches Merkmal für die Altersbestimmung arterieller Thromben in der Frühphase der Thrombogenese werteten wir die Querstreifung der Fibrinfasern. Diese trat bereits nach 5 min auf, erreichte nach 30 min ein Maximum und verschwand als Folge der zunehmenden Verdichtung der Fasern nach einer Stunde. Nach 4 h sahen wir eine weitgehende Retraktion der Fibrinfasern, die nach 24 h zur Bildung des Fibrinfasergerüstes mit Einmauerung korpuskulärer Elemente führte. Überdies beobachteten wir zwei Thrombocytenaggregate von differenter Struktur. Wir unterschieden ein fibrinarmes Aggregat, in dem die Thrombocyten dichtgepackt und pseudopodienreich erschienen von einem thrombocytenarmen Aggregat mit reichlich interponierten Fibrinfasern. Die nach 5 min im Zentrum des Thrombus auftretende Agglutination der Plättchen im thrombocytenreichen Aggregat führte nach 30 min zur Thrombocytorrhexis und ergab daher einen weiteren Anhalt für die Altersbestimmung des Coagulum. Der entstandene celluläre Abraum stimulierte mononucleäre Zellen und Leukocyten zur Phagocytose. Daher sahen wir nach 4 h eine massive Leukocytose als Folge der frühen Thrombocytorrhexis. Nach 24 h war die viscöse Metamorphose im fibrinreichen und fibrinararmen Aggregat weitgehend abgeschlossen. Innerhalb des beobachteten Zeitraumes entstand eine Verballung und bizarre Deformierung der Erythrocyten, die bereits nach 5 min vom Zentrum des Thrombus ausging und nach 24 h die Peripherie erreichte. Eine Hämolyse der Erythrocyten war nach dieser Zeit noch nicht erkennbar.

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Evolution in the early changes in the establishment of arterial thrombi

Summary Ultrastructural studies of thrombi were carried out on the common carotid artery of the rat using a method first described by Meng and Seuter (1977). Induction of thrombus formation in vivo was achieved by chilling of a small vessel segment under constant pressure and short-termed stasis. Disturbance of the blood flow was produced by a silver clip. The damaged vessel segments with the thrombotic deposits were removed 5, 10, 30 min, and 1, 4 and 24 h after stimulation of thrombosis. They were fixed and samples were studied as semithin and ultrathin sections morphologically using light and electronmicroscopy.In the maturation of thrombi exact time intervals could be determined. The most important histopathological characteristics for age determination of arterial thrombi in the early period of thrombogenesis were the cross stripes of fibrin fibres. They appeared after 5 min, reaching a maximum after 10 min and disappeared as a result of increasing fibre density after 1 h. After 4 h nearly complete retraction of fibrin fibres was found which led after 24 h to the formation of a corresponding frame walling in the corpuscular elements. Apart from this aggregation of thrombocytes, which were of two different types were observed, one showing a fibrin-poor aggregate in which the thrombocytes appeared densely packed with numerous pseudopods, and one showing a thrombocyte poor aggregate with abundant interposed fibrin fibres. Agglutination of platelets which occurred in the thrombocyte-rich aggregate in the centre of the thrombus after 5 min led to thrombocytorrhexis after 30 min. The resulting cellular waste stimulated phagocytosis by mononuclear cells and leucocytes. Because of this a massive leucocytosis was found as a result of the early thrombocytorrhexis after 4 h. After 24 h the viscous metamorphosis in the fibrin-rich and in the fibrin-poor aggregate was largely completed. Clumping and deformation of erythrocytes was observed in the middle of the thrombus after 5 min and at the periphery of the thrombus after 24 h. Haemolysis did not occur within this time interval.

Frau Antoni, Herrn Ing. grad. Derks und Herrn Rieger sei für ausgezeichnete technische Assistenz herzlichst gedankt.