A catheter technique in ophthalmic regional anaesthesia. Cadaver experiments

BACKGROUND: Regional anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery is generally accomplished by peri- or retrobulbar techniques. Depending on the duration of ophthalmic surgery, reblock might become necessary. Our goal was to invent a catheter technique for ophthalmic regional anaesthesia that enables the user to administer local anaesthetics intraoperatively into the peri- or retrobulbar space continuously. METHODS: Twenty-five adult cadaver orbits of normal size and anatomy were used for the experiments. A flexible catheter was introduced transcutaneously or transconjunctivally into the extra- or intraconal space. Methylene blue solution was injected through the catheter. RESULTS: Using the same transcutaneous retro- and peribulbar technique, it was possible to introduce flexible catheters into a proper position of the cadaver orbits. The injected dye was found intra- or extraconally. CONCLUSION: Examining the spread of the dye in the orbit, we concluded that it is possible to provide ophthalmic anaesthesia for surgery through an indwelling catheter. We proved that continuous or intermittent administration of a local anaesthetic agent into the extra- or inraconal space can be achieved and this technique may allow us to maintain anaesthesia as long as it is necessary.     

A catheter technique in ophthalmic regional anaesthesia. Clinical investigations

BACKGROUND: Usually general anaesthesia is chosen if ophthalmic surgery of longer duration is expected. Our goal was to introduce a flexible catheter preoperatively into the extra- or intraconal space and to provide sufficient anaesthesia by continuous administration of a local anaesthetic via the catheter. METHODS: The continuous anaesthetic technique was applied in 28 patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery. An indwelling catheter was introduced in 20 patients into the intraconal and in 8 patients into the extraconal space. In 6 patients, the position of the catheter was controlled by ultrasound examination prior to the injection of the local anaesthetic agent. RESULTS: For all patients adequate anaesthesia could be achieved and maintained with continuous retrobulbar administration (CRA) of a local anaesthetic by catheter. There were two patients who experienced moderate pain intraoperatively during continuous peribulbar administration (CPA). No complications occurred with the placement of the catheters. The catheter did not disturb the surgeon or the process of the ophthalmic surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous administration of a local anaesthetic agent via an indwelling catheter into the intraconal space allowed ophthalmic anaesthesia without time restriction. Thus, CRA is a good alternative to general anaesthesia for patients undergoing long-lasting ophthalmic surgery.     

注意力缺陷及注意缺陷多动障碍患儿局部脑血流灌注的研究

【目的】探讨注意缺陷／多动障碍(ADHD)各亚型局部脑血流(rCBF)特点以及与不同临床类型的关系。【方法】用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)测定了40例ADHD患儿和11例正常儿童rCBF灌注情况。【结果】定性分析结果显示，ADHD患儿低疋BF灌注量的发生率(57．5％)高于正常儿童(9％)，低灌注部位涉及额叶、颞叶、枕叶和丘脑，以额叶发生率最高；伴有多动一冲动组低rCBF注量的发生率(66．7％)高于注意缺陷组(47．3％)，同时，伴有多动一冲动组中在所有疋BF降低的脑区中，左侧占14例次，右侧占10例次，左右侧rCBF差异有显著性。【结论】额叶rCBF降低与ADHD行为抑制缺陷相关，同时左侧脑区血流下降与病情的严重程度相关。     

长江三角洲区域经济增长趋同检验与分析

改革开放以来的24年中，长三角15个城市地区存在比较明显的经济增长趋同现象，同时经历了首先快速趋同而后缓慢趋异的动态变化过程，其转折点是二十世纪九十年代初期；不包括上海在内的长三角14个城市地区的经济增长同样存在趋同现象，也经历了先趋同后趋异的变化过程。二者存在着比较明显的差别：前一时段14城市地区经济增长趋同的速度较15城市为慢，而后一时段经济增长趋异的速度较15城市地区为快。长三角地区经济增长趋同及其变化过程的主要作用机制不是资本边际报酬递减，不是技术扩散和转移，也不是结构变迁或生产要素跨部门的再配置，而是经济全球化背景下国际资本（外商直接投资）转移的空间选择及其演化规律。     

从颅脑外伤救治中存在的问题谈区域创伤中心建设的重点

目的 结合目前国内在颅脑外伤救治中存在的问题探讨区域创伤中心建设的重点内容及关注点。方法 收集2015年8月至2017年7月泰州市人民医院收治的颅脑外伤急诊手术病例共171例。根据患者入院时GCS评分（Glasgow Coma Scale）分为4组。术后根据其出院时的GCS评分对其预后进行评价,分为死亡,4～5分,6～8分,9～12分,13～15分5个类别。结果 共有171例患者纳入本研究中,按照入院GCS评分分为4组（3～5分,6～8分,9～12分,13～15分）,其病死率分别是48.15%,20.59%,4.76%,8.57%。在3～5分组中入院1 h内手术的组内死亡率与1～2 h及大于2 h相比（17.95%,38.96%,43.59%）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,在6～8分组入院1 h内手术的组内死亡率与1～2 h及大于2 h相比（0,42.86%,57.14%）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,另外两组（9～12分,13～15分）死亡率组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。针对上述数据,结合国内及国际颅脑创伤救治现状分析,目前颅脑外伤救治中存在院前...     

建设区域性专科护理联合体的模式及运行机制探索

目的:分析研究海南省区域性专科护理联合体的模式和运行机制,并分析其临床应用效果.方法:以海南省6所基层医院为研究对象,以2017年作为时间分界点,比较专科护理联合体运行前、后的专科护理服务水平、护理质量、床位利用率分布等改善情况.结果:专科护理联合体运行后基层医院专科护理及护理服务水平、专科护理质量均有明显改善,其护理...     

视神经管周围结构解剖的实验研究

目的 了解视神经管周围结构的解剖并为临床视神经管减压术及鼻窦手术提供解剖学依据.方法 实验研究.(1)成人干性颅骨标本50个,观察和测量筛窦和蝶窦的形态和大小;(2)甲醛溶液固定的成年湿性头颅标本15个,观察和测量蝶窦中部外侧壁与颈内动脉的距离、眼动脉起始处与颈内动脉的夹角,测量视神经颅内段的长度、视神经于视交叉前方之间的夹角、视神经颅内段颅口处两侧视神经内侧缘之间的距离,测量眼动脉在视神经管内的长度和直径;(3)选取6例经甲醛溶液防腐固定的完整成年无明显病变的成年湿性头颅标本,应用CT对筛、蝶窦进行轴位和冠状位扫描,观察视神经管与筛、蝶窦的关系;然后将CT扫描后的湿性头颅标本利用工业用钢锯行筛、蝶窦的断面(6例)、水平断面(3例)、冠状断面(3例)解剖,层厚均为6 mm.将筛窦、蝶窦、视神经管的CT扫描图像和相对应的解剖断面标本进行对比、观察.采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据处理.男性与女性湿性颅骨标本的测量值比较,采用两组独立样本的t检验.结果 全筛窦前后径(39.02±4.89)mm,前部横径(12.26±2.12)mm,前筛窦上下径(11.89±2.56)mm;蝶窦前后径(24.08±4.87)mm,蝶窦中部外侧壁与颈内动脉的距离(1.23±0.56)mm;眼动脉起始处与颈内动脉的夹角54.33°±7.89°;视神经颅内段的长度(9.91±2.89)mm,两侧视神经于视交叉前方之间的夹角59.89°±4.79°,视神经颅口处两侧视神经内侧缘之间的距离(14.26±3.23)mm;眼动脉在管内段的长度(5.38±1.87)mm,眼动脉外径(2.18±0.37)mm.男性与女性间的视神经颅内段长度(t=0.25)、两侧视神经于视交叉前方之间的夹角(t=0.71)、视神经颅口处两侧视神经内侧缘之间的距离(t=0.57)、蝶窦中部外侧壁与颈内动脉的距离(t=0.29)、眼动脉起始处与颈内动脉的夹角(t=0.99)、眼动脉在视神经管内段的长度(t=0.50)、眼动脉外径(t=0.52)测量值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 (1)切开视神经管内侧壁时,在蝶窦内切开的深度不宜超过13 mm,否则有可能损伤颈内动脉并引起大出血;(2)在进行视神经管减压术时,穿破前部筛窦的左右深度不宜超过15 mm,上下不宜超过12 mm,否则易穿破到对侧筛窦或向上穿破颅底进入颅内;(3)应特别注意保护眼动脉,防止眼部缺血和失明.     

Severe Maternal Morbidity in Canada: Temporal Trends and Regional Variations, 2003-2016

ObjectiveThis study sought to quantify temporal trends and provincial and territorial variations in severe maternal morbidity (SMM) in Canada.MethodsThe study used data on all hospital deliveries in Canada (excluding Québec) from 2003 to 2016 to examine temporal trends and from 2012 to 2016 to study regional variations. SMM was identified using diagnosis and intervention codes. Contrasts among periods and regions were quantified using rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Temporal changes were also assessed using chi-square tests for trend (Canadian Task Force Classification II-1).ResultsThe study population included 3 882 790 deliveries between 2003 and 2016 and 1 418 545 deliveries between 2012 and 2016. Severe hemorrhage rates increased from 44.8 in 2003 to 62.4 per 10 000 deliveries in 2012 (P for trend <0.0001) and then declined to 41.8 per 10 000 deliveries in 2016 (P for trend <0.0001). Maternal intensive care unit admission and sepsis rates decreased between 2003 and 2016, whereas rates of stroke, severe uterine rupture, hysterectomy, obstetric embolism, shock, and assisted ventilation increased. Rates of composite SMM in 2012-2016 were higher in Newfoundland and Labrador (RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04–1.26), Nova Scotia (RR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03–1.19), New Brunswick (RR1.22; 95% CI 1.13–1.32), Manitoba (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.03–1.15), Saskatchewan (RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.09–1.22), the Yukon (RR 1.74; 95% CI 1.35–2.25), and Nunavut (RR 1.76; 95% CI 1.46–2.11) compared with the rest of Canada, whereas rates were lower in Alberta and British Columbia.ConclusionThis surveillance report helps inform clinical practice and public health policy for improving maternal health in Canada.     

乡镇居民对医疗联合体的期望研究

【】目的：从利益相关者角度出发,调查了解乡镇居民对医疗联合体的期望和知晓程度,为卫生行政部门推动医疗联合体改革,提供决策依据。方法：采用方便抽样的方法对贵州省大方县长石镇、百纳乡,遵义县马蹄镇、平正乡,绥阳县小关乡,桐梓县天坪乡等乡镇地区居民进行问卷调查,总共调查104人。结果：受访居民以中老年人为主;居民对医联体的了解程度较低, 72.1%的受访者表示首选就诊医院为所在地乡镇卫生院;受访者中43.3%表示转诊不方便,45.2%表示未转诊过;受访居民对医疗费用期望值最高的是“遵守收费政策,杜绝不合理收费”;对高效就医期望值最高的是“看病方便快捷”;对疗效期望值最高的是“医务人员具有较高的医疗技术和知识”、“符合诊疗规范”;对医疗服务最期望“医务人员平等对待患者”;对医疗辅助服务设施的最期望“公示收费项目与标准”。结论：进一步推进医联体改革需要加大宣传力度,加强基层建设,简化双向转诊程序,满足乡镇居民的基本医疗需求;此外树立以人为本的理念,积极建立医疗信息公开制度,有利于提高居民满意度及医联体的社会声誉和形象。     

Regional anesthesia and acute perioperative pain management in thoracic surgery: a narrative review

Background and ObjectiveThoracic surgery causes significant pain which can negatively affect pulmonary function and increase risk of postoperative complications. Effective analgesia is important to reduce splinting and atelectasis. Systemic opioids and thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) have been used for decades and are effective at treating acute post-thoracotomy pain, although both have risks and adverse effects. The advancement of thoracoscopic surgery, a focus on multimodal and opioid-sparing analgesics, and the development of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia techniques have greatly expanded the options for acute pain management after thoracic surgery. Despite the expansion of surgical techniques and analgesic approaches, there is no clear optimal approach to pain management. This review aims to summarize the body of literature regarding systemic and regional anesthetic techniques for thoracic surgery in both thoracotomy and minimally invasive approaches, with a goal of providing a foundation for providers to make individualized decisions for patients depending on surgical approach and patient factors, and to discuss avenues for future research.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases from inception to May 2021 using the terms “thoracic surgery”, “thoracic surgery AND pain management”, “thoracic surgery AND analgesia”, “thoracic surgery AND regional anesthesia”, “thoracic surgery AND epidural”. We considered articles written in English and available to the reader.Key Content and FindingsThere is a wide variety of strategies for treating acute pain after thoracic surgery, including multimodal opioid and non-opioid systemic analgesics, regional anesthesia including TEA and paravertebral blocks (PVB), and a recent expansion in the use of novel fascial plane blocks especially for thoracoscopy. The body of literature on the effectiveness of different approaches for thoracotomy and thoracoscopy is a rapidly expanding field and area of active debate.ConclusionsThe optimal analgesic approach for thoracic surgery may depend on patient factors, surgical factors, and institutional factors. Although TEA may provide optimal analgesia after thoracotomy, PVB and emerging fascial plane blocks may offer effective alternatives. A tailored approach using multimodal systemic therapies and regional anesthesia is important, and future studies comparing techniques are necessary to further investigate the optimal approach to improve patient outcomes.