原子转移自由基聚合合成聚（苯乙烯—g—丙烯酸丁酯）

以线型氯甲基化聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ－ＣＨ２Ｃｌ）为大分子引发剂,引发丙烯酸丁酯原子转移自由基聚合,合成了聚苯乙烯－丙烯酸丁酯接枝共聚物［Ｐ（Ｓ－ｇ－ＢＡ）］。ＰＳ－ＣＨＣｌ是由ＰＳ通过氯甲基化反应合成,ＰＳ链上－ＰｈＣＨ２Ｃｌ的分布是统计均匀。建立了该接枝共聚物的纯化方法,纯化后接枝共聚物的接枝效率可达９６．５％。用ＧＰＣ跟了大分子引发剂在本体中的引发和接枝反应过程。研究结果表明,反应速率对单体浓度呈一     

反应性单体改性PP/PS共混物结晶与熔融行为

制备了三种反应性单体和两种PP接枝物改性的PP／PS共混物，用DSC研究了改性PP／PS共混物的结晶与熔融行为。结果表明：PS的加入提高了PP的结晶温度，两种接枝物的加入进一步提高共混物中PP的结晶温度，少量反应性单体对结晶温度影响不大，但高用量时则明显提高共混物的结晶温度；外加接枝物或者反应性单体对共混物中PP的熔融温度影响不大，但是熔融峰形与结晶温度高低有关。     

种子乳液聚合法制备中空多孔聚合物微球

用分散聚合法制得粒径约为3μm的聚苯乙烯种子微球，通过溶胀，种子乳液聚合及萃取得到中空多孔聚合微球，使用扫描电镜检测了其中空多孔形貌和粒径，并讨论了成孔机理。     

Randomized Clinical Trial of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate for the Treatment of Mild Hyperkalemia in CKD

Background and objectives

Hyperkalemia affects up to 10% of patients with CKD. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate has long been prescribed for this condition, although evidence is lacking on its efficacy for the treatment of mild hyperkalemia over several days. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium polystyrene sulfonate in the treatment of mild hyperkalemia.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

In total, 33 outpatients with CKD and mild hyperkalemia (5.0–5.9 mEq/L) in a single teaching hospital were included in this double–blind randomized clinical trial. We randomly assigned these patients to receive either placebo or sodium polystyrene sulfonate of 30 g orally one time per day for 7 days. The primary outcome was the comparison between study groups of the mean difference of serum potassium levels between the day after the last dose of treatment and baseline.

Results

The mean duration of treatment was 6.9 days. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was superior to placebo in the reduction of serum potassium levels (mean difference between groups, −1.04 mEq/L; 95% confidence interval, −1.37 to −0.71). A higher proportion of patients in the sodium polystyrene sulfonate group attained normokalemia at the end of their treatment compared with those in the placebo group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (73% versus 38%; P=0.07). There was a trend toward higher rates of electrolytic disturbances and an increase in gastrointestinal side effects in the group receiving sodium polystyrene sulfonate.

Conclusions

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was superior to placebo in reducing serum potassium over 7 days in patients with mild hyperkalemia and CKD.     

（苯乙烯—丁二烯—环氧乙烷）多嵌段共聚物的合成及表征

α,ω—双羟基聚苯乙烯与α,ω—双羟基聚丁二烯及聚乙二醇为预聚体,以2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯为偶联剂,聚合得到(苯乙烯-丁二烯-环氧乙烷)多嵌段共聚物。研究了聚合条件的影响。产物分别用热环已烷及水萃取提纯。并用IR、~1HNMR、GPC、动态粘弹谱及透射电子显微镜进行了表征。     

sPS／PET／SsPS—H共混体系的研究

以自制间规聚苯乙烯(sPS)功能化合成的磺化间规聚苯乙烯（SsPS-H)作相容剂,研究其对sPS/PET共混物微相结构与性能的影响,发现SsPS-H能够有效地改善二者的相容性,当sPS/PET/SsPS-H为85／15／2（重量比）时,冲击强度达到11．4kJ/m^2,为纯sPS的3倍,此时材料的弯曲强度为39．1MPa,下降约8％;DMA结果表明,随SsPS-H用量的增加,共混物的Tg逐渐提高;DSC分析结果表明,共混体系中sPS的熔点不受SsPS-H含量的影响,而PET的熔点在加入6份SpPS-H时明显降低。sPS在达到最大结晶速率的温度均随SsPS-H用量的增加先提而后下降。SEM观察到加入SsPS-H后,PET分散相的尺寸减小,且均匀程度增加,共混物室温下冲击断裂显著地由脆性转变为韧性,当加入6份SsPS-H后,冲击断裂又出现脆性。     

PS/PC共混膜的干燥动力学

高分子共混物薄膜产品中的残余溶剂量与干燥过程密切相关,是影响高分子涂膜性能的重要因素之一。将石英晶体微天平（QCM）与自制强制空气对流干燥装置相结合,研究了不同共混比的聚苯乙烯（PS）/聚碳酸酯（PC）共混物的二氯甲烷铸膜液在不同热空气流速和温度下的干燥过程,并应用蠕变传递模型关联了干燥动力学实验数据。研究结果表明：高分子共混物的共混比例对干燥速率有较大影响。由于PC链段之间能形成氢键,导致PC链段微区较易结晶,对溶剂小分子的扩散有一定的阻碍作用。关联得到的溶剂在高分子共混膜中无限稀释扩散系数随着PC含量的增加而下降。选择合适的高分子-溶剂体系对减少高分子涂膜中残余溶剂,进而提高产品质量十分重要。     

Highly Efficient Chain End Derivatization of Selenol‐Ended Polystyrenes by Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

The application of selenol‐X chemistry in nucleophilic substitution and Se‐Michael addition reactions for polymer chain end modification is presented. Selenol‐labeled polystyrene can easily react with alkyl halides, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, pentafluorostyrene, etc. The mild conditions make it attractive for the synthesis of macromonomers. The resulting polymers are analyzed and characterized by UV, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), NMR, and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy.

     

Shape Induced Inhibition of Phagocytosis of Polymer Particles

Purpose  To determine if particle shape can be engineered to inhibit phagocytosis of drug delivery particles by macrophages, which can be a significant barrier to successful therapeutic delivery. Methods  Non-spherical polystyrene particles were fabricated by stretching spherical particles embedded in a polymer film. A rat alveolar macrophage cell line was used as model macrophages. Phagocytosis of particles was assessed using time-lapse video microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Results  We fabricated worm-like particles with very high aspect ratios (>20). This shape exhibits negligible phagocytosis compared to conventional spherical particles of equal volume. Reduced phagocytosis is a result of decreasing high curvature regions of the particle to two single points, the ends of the worm-like particles. Internalization is possible only at these points, while attachment anywhere along the length of the particles inhibits internalization due to the low curvature. Conclusions  Shape-induced inhibition of phagocytosis of drug delivery particles is possible by minimizing the size-normalized curvature of particles. We have created a high aspect ratio shape that exhibits negligible uptake by macrophages. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Blends of Immiscible Polystyrene/Polyamide 6 via Successive In‐Situ Polymerizations

Summary: A novel method has been successfully developed to prepare binary blends of PS and MCPA6. The blends are formed by the radical polymerization of styrene in CL, followed by the in‐situ anionic ring‐opening polymerization of CL in the presence of PS. The phase morphology investigated using SEM reveals that PS/MCPA6 blends with a PS content of 10 wt.‐% or lower consists of a MCPA6 matrix and a dispersed PS minor phase. Remarkably, phase inversion occurs in blends that have a PS content of 15 wt.‐% or higher, in which MCPA6 is no longer continuous but finely dispersed in the PS continuous phase. The phase inversion occurs at an extremely low PS content, and this phenomenon is unusual for traditional polymer blends prepared by melt blending. The probable reason for the particular phase morphology development is explained. The stability of the phase morphologies of the PS/MCPA6 blends after annealing at 250 °C is also investigated by SEM.

SEM micrograph of the fractured surface of a PS/MCPA6 blend with a PS content of 20 wt.‐%, in which MCPA6, as spherical particles, is dispersed in the PS continuous phase.