Return to sport and beyond following intramuscular tendon hamstring injury: A case report of an English Premier League football player

BackgroundHamstring strain injuries are the most common type of injury in elite football and are associated with a high risk of reinjury, particularly those involving the intramuscular tendon (IMT). Limited information is available regarding the rehabilitation and return to sport (RTS) processes following such injuries. This case study describes the clinical presentation of an elite football player following IMT hamstring injury, their on- and off-pitch rehabilitation alongside performance monitoring throughout RTS and beyond.Case scenarioAn elite football player suffered a grade 2c hamstring injury during an English Premier League (EPL) match. The player underwent early post-injury management, alongside progressive off-pitch physical preparation. The ‘control-chaos continuum’ was used as a framework for on-pitch rehabilitation to prepare the player for a return to full team training and competition. Objective and subjective markers of the player's response to progressive on- and off-pitch loading were monitored throughout RTS and beyond.OutcomesThe player returned to on-pitch rehabilitation after 11 days, to full team training having achieved weekly pre-injury chronic running load outputs after 35 days and played in the EPL 40 days post-injury. The player did not suffer reinjury for the rest of the EPL season.ConclusionAn understanding the unique structural and mechanical properties of the IMT, alongside expected RTS timeframes are important to inform rehabilitation and decision-making processes post-injury. Performance and frequent load-response monitoring throughout RTS and beyond, in conjunction with practitioner experience and effective communication are critical in facilitating effective RTS and reduce risk of reinjury following IMT injury.     

Effect of splinting and exercise on intraneural edema of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome--an MRI study to reveal therapeutic mechanisms

Splinting and nerve and tendon gliding exercises are commonly used to treat carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). It has been postulated that both modalities reduce intraneural edema. To test this hypothesis, 20 patients with mild to moderate CTS were randomly allocated to either night splinting or a home program of nerve and tendon gliding exercises. Magnetic resonance images of the wrist were taken at baseline, immediately after 10 min of splinting or exercise, and following 1 week of intervention. Primary outcome measures were signal intensity of the median nerve at the wrist as a measure of intraneural edema and palmar bowing of the carpal ligament. Secondary outcome measures were changes in symptom severity and function. Following 1 week of intervention, but not immediately after 10 min, signal intensity of the median nerve was reduced by ≈ 11% at the radioulnar level for both interventions (p = 0.03). This was accompanied by a mild improvement in symptoms and function (p < 0.004). A similar reduction in signal intensity is not observed in patients who only receive advice to remain active. No changes in signal intensity were identified further distally (p > 0.28). Ligament bowing remained unchanged (p > 0.08). Intraneural edema reduction is a likely therapeutic mechanism of splinting and exercise.     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年1月,对22例(22膝)复发性髌骨脱位患者采用关节镜下外侧支持带松解,取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。男5例,女17例;年龄15～19岁,平均17.3岁。髌骨脱位3～8次,平均4次。主要临床症状为患膝关节疼痛、肿胀、无力,活动受限。髌骨倾斜试验、恐惧试验、内侧髌股韧带止点处压痛、髌骨向外推移时恐惧征均呈阳性。根据国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分标准,膝关节功能主观评分为(36.7±4.7)分,Lysholm评分为(69.3±3.8)分。X线片示患者髌骨向外倾斜。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月,平均34个月。术后患者关节疼痛、肿胀、无力等症状较术前明显改善。随访期间患者髌骨脱位无复发。末次随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(92.4±5.3)分,Lysholm评分为(91.7±5.2)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带可明显改善髌骨稳定性,是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法之一。     

腘绳肌腱结合双固定技术重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨采用腘绳肌腱股骨端胫骨端双固定技术重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的可行性及近期疗效。方法对25例ACL损伤行关节镜下ACL重建术,采用笔者自行设计双监视法解剖等长重建技术建立股骨胫骨隧道。移植物股骨端用Endobutton钢板和Rigidfix固定,胫骨端用Bio-Intrafix和Stample门形加压钉固定。结果本组获随访12～18(13.76±1.61)个月,未发现滑膜炎、韧带断裂、活动度明显障碍等并发症。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分,术前评分:20～48(31.32±8.71)分;术后1年评分:90～98(94.96±2.56)分(t=37.69,P<0.01)。结论在腘绳肌腱重建ACL中应用股骨端胫骨端双固定技术具有手术操作简便,固定牢固,效果可靠的优点,值得推广。     

跟健龙治疗急性跟腱断裂的近期临床疗效

目的:探讨应用跟健龙吻合器治疗急性跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法:自2009年4月至2010年4月,应用跟健龙治疗19例急性跟腱断裂,男17例,女2例;年龄30～58岁,平均40.2岁;运动伤17例,摔伤2例;受伤至手术时间0～8d,平均2.2d。所有患者术前Thompson试验、单足提锺试验为阳性。术后采用患者满意度和美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分对跟腱恢复情况进行评估。结果:所有患者获随访,时间12～28个月,平均19.9个月。平均手术时间41min,所有切口Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、局部不良反应、跟腱再断裂、腓肠神经损伤等并发症发生。18例对手术结果满意,1例感觉一般(跑步时感觉轻度疼痛),至最终随访时所有患者对工作及生活满意。小腿中段周径萎缩平均(0.82±0.85)cm(0～3.0cm)。最终随访AOFAS评分平均(98.42±3.29)分(89～100分)。结论:跟健龙装置治疗急性跟腱断裂安全有效,并发症发生率低,术后可早期功能锻炼,是治疗闭合性跟腱断裂的较好方法。     

Palmaris profundus tendon prohibiting endoscopic carpal tunnel release: case report

Palmaris profundus is an aberrant muscle of forearm and wrist anatomy. It has no discernible function, but its tendon has been implicated as a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Previously, all cases of palmaris profundus in the literature have been encountered during either open surgery or cadaveric dissection. We report a case of palmaris profundus encountered during attempted single-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release, necessitating conversion to an open approach. There was a unique point of tendon insertion onto the undersurface of the transverse carpal ligament, more proximal than what has been previously described in the literature. There were other anomalies present as well, including a persistent median artery and bifid median nerve. Given the volar position of the structure, its proximal point of insertion, and its minimal bulk, we did not feel that this was the cause of our patient's carpal tunnel syndrome.     

急性跟腱断裂术后早期功能锻炼与制动的Meta分析

目的 对急性跟腱断裂术后早期功能锻炼与制动的疗效进行Meta分析. 方法 按照Cochrane系统评价方法,计算机检索MEDLINE(1966年至2011年1月)、EMbase(1966年至2011年1月),Cochrane图书馆(2011年第1期)、Cochrane协作网肌骨创伤组试验数据库(2011年1月)和中国生物医学文献数据库(1978年1月至2011年1月),手工检索中文骨科期刊的相关文献(创刊至2011年1月),收集急性跟腱断裂术后早期功能锻炼与制动的所有相关随机对照试验(RCTs)及半随机对照试验(CCTs),提取有效数据采用RevMan 4.2.8进行Meta分析,以比较急性跟腱断裂术后早期功能锻炼与制动的术后满意率、跟腱再次断裂发生率、感染率、并发症发生率、术后6周跟腱延长率、术后12周跟腱延长度的评价、小腿肌力、踝关节活动度的差异.结果 共纳入4个RCTs,3个CCTs.Meta分析显示,与术后制动相比,急性跟腱断裂术后早期功能锻炼的满意率增加(RR=1.27,95％ CI(1.01,1.61),P=0.04),术后并发症发生率降低[RR =0.43,95％ CI (0.22,0.83),P=0.01],差异有统计学意义;而两种方法术后跟腱再次断裂发生率[RR=0.59,95％ CI (0.20,1.80),P=0.92]、术后感染率[RR=0.70,95％ CI (0.26,1.86),P=0.48]、术后6周[SMD=1.50,95％ CI(-3.40,6.40)]和12周跟腱延长度[SMD=- 0.25,95％ CI(- 5.64,5.14)l及踝关节活动度无显著差异. 结论 与术后制动相比,急性跟腱断裂术后早期功能锻炼提高患者满意率,降低并发症发生率,且不会增加跟腱再次断裂和感染的风险,对术后6周和12周跟腱延长度、小腿肌力和踝关节活动度无明显影响.     

Skeletal muscle and bone marrow derived stromal cells: A comparison of tenocyte differentiation capabilities

This study investigated the comparative ability of bone marrow and skeletal muscle derived stromal cells (BMSCs and SMSCs) to express a tenocyte phenotype, and whether this expression could be augmented by growth and differentiation factor‐5 (GDF‐5). Tissue harvest was performed on the hind limbs of seven dogs. Stromal cells were isolated via serial expansion in culture. After four passages, tenogenesis was induced using either ascorbic acid alone or in conjunction with GDF‐5. CD44, tenomodulin, collagen I, and collagen III expression levels were compared for each culture condition at 7 and 14 days following induction. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to evaluate cell morphology and production of tenomodulin and collagen I. SMSCs and BMSCs were successfully isolated in culture. Following tenocytic induction, SMSCs demonstrated an increased mean relative expression of tenomodulin, collagen I, and collagen III at 14 days. BMSCs only showed increased mean relative expression of collagen I, and collagen III at 14 days. IHC revealed positive staining for tenomodulin and collagen I at 14 days for both cell types. The morphology of skeletal muscle derived stromal cells at 14 days had an organized appearance in contrast to the haphazard arrangement of the bone marrow derived cells. GDF‐5 did not affect gene expression, cell staining, or cell morphology significantly. Stromal cells from either bone marrow or skeletal muscle can be induced to increase expression of matrix genes; however, based on expression of tenomodulin and cell culture morphology SMSCs may be a more ideal candidate for tenocytic differentiation. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1710–1718, 2012     

下肢骨折伴肌腱修复术后的系统康复治疗的疗效观察

目的:探讨下肢骨折伴肌腱修复术后康复程序康复效果.方法:利用康复评定系统,根据不同部位的肌腱损伤制定不同的康复程序,对30例下肢骨折伴肌腱修复术后膝关节为主僵硬生活不便的患者进行系统康复治疗.结果:下肢股四头肌和胫前肌肌力增加提高率达75％和68％,大腿和小腿围增粗提高率达65％和69％,膝关节活动范围增大提高率达82％和91％,下肢长度增长提高率达71％,日常生活能力提高率达87％.结论:下肢骨折伴肌腱修复术后制定个体化康复程序,早期主动和被动运动以及加强肌肉后负荷运动,可以明显改善患者下肢功能.     

BMP‐2 mediates PGE2‐induced reduction of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human tendon stem cells

Tendon stem cells (TSCs) have been proposed to play a major role in the development of tendinopathy, which refers to pathological changes, such as calcification, in affected tendons. Using a human TSC (hTSC) culture model, this study investigated the effects of PGE₂, an inflammatory mediator present in injured tendons, on hTSC proliferation and differentiation as well as the molecular mediator for such PGE₂‐induced effects. We found that PGE₂ treatment of hTSCs decreased cell proliferation and caused osteogenic differentiation of hTSCs in a dose‐dependent manner. Also, PGE₂ treatment of hTSCs induced dose‐dependent BMP‐2 production in culture, and moreover, addition of BMP‐2 to hTSC culture decreased cell proliferation and induced hTSC differentiation into osteoblasts. Finally, addition of BMP‐2 antibodies to hTSC culture treated with PGE₂ nearly abolished PGE₂ effects on both cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, the findings of this study showed that BMP‐2 mediates PGE₂‐induced reduction of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hTSCs. We suggest that such a mechanism may be partially responsible for the formation of calcified tissues in tendinopathic tendons seen in clinical settings. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:47–52, 2012