Median nerve deformation in differential finger motions: ultrasonographic comparison of carpal tunnel syndrome patients and healthy controls

We investigated the median nerve deformation in the carpal tunnel in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and controls during thumb, index finger, middle finger, and a four finger motion, using ultrasound. Both wrists of 29 asymptomatic volunteers and 29 patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome were evaluated by ultrasound. Cross‐sectional images during motion from full extension to flexion were recorded. Median nerve cross‐sectional area, perimeter, aspect ratio of the minimal enclosing rectangle, and circularity in extension and flexion positions were calculated. Additionally, a deformation index was calculated. We also calculated the intra‐rater reliability. In both controls and patients, the median nerve cross‐sectional area became significantly smaller from extension to flexion in all finger motions (p < 0.05). In flexion and extension, regardless of the specific finger motion, the median nerve deformation, circularity and the change in perimeter were all significantly greater in CTS patients than in controls (p < 0.05). We found excellent intra‐rater reliability for all measurements (ICC > 0.84). With this study we have shown that it is possible to assess the deformation of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome with ultrasonography and that there is more deformation of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome patients during active finger motion. These parameters might be useful in the evaluation of kinematics within the carpal tunnel, and in furthering our understanding of the biomechanics of carpal tunnel syndrome in the future. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:643–648, 2012     

甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经以避免喉返神经损伤的临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经(RLN)对预防RLN损伤的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2006年9月至2011年8月期间我院行甲状腺全切除术和次全切除术1 723例患者的临床资料,其中行显露RLN术式914例,共显露RLN 1 203条;行不显露RLN术式809例,共行1 013侧甲状腺腺叶切除手术。比较术后RLN损伤情况及术后6个月声带恢复情况。结果显露组与不显露组RLN损伤发生率分别为0.91%(11/1 203)和2.07%(21/1 013),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访6个月,显露组与不显露组分别有0例和13例(61.9%,13/21)永久性RLN损伤,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论在甲状腺全切除和次全切除术中,显露并注意保护RLN能最大程度地避免RLN损伤,尤其是永久性RLN损伤。     

单纯钩骨钩骨折致尺神经深支损伤的临床研究

目的探讨单纯钩骨钩骨折致尺神经深支损伤的致病机理。方法采用16侧甲醛固定和4侧新鲜成人尸体标本。以钩骨钩中点为O,过O点作一条水平线及垂线,水平线与尺神经深支的交点为A点,与钩骨钩基底尺侧交点为B点,垂线与尺神经的交点为C点,分别测量OA、OB、OC、AB长度,并进行统计学分析;对1996年4月~2009年6月5例单纯钩骨钩骨折合并尺神经深支损伤进行回顾分析。结果尺神经深支绕过钩骨钩的基底部进入掌深间隙,OA的长度为(4.96±0.11)mm、OB的长度(3.69±0.12)mm、OC的长度(10.55±1.07)mm、AB的长度为(1.27±0.15)mm;5例根据中华医学会手外科学会上肢周围神经功能评定试用标准:优4例,良1例。结论单纯钩骨钩骨折可致尺神经深支损伤但临床容易漏诊,早期正确诊治是神经功能得以恢复的关键。     

pQCT bone strength index may serve as a better predictor than bone mineral density for long bone breaking strength

Bone mineral density (BMD) is commonly used to predict osteoporotic fracture risk without considering the geometry of the bone. However, geometric parameters are also important in determination of bone strength. An index including both material and geometric properties may be therefore more relevant in prediction of fracture risk. We studied the correlation between parameters measured by noninvasive peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and bone bending strength of the diaphysis of 45 fresh goat humeri and 27 femora. Multislice pQCT was used for measuring volumetric diaphyseal cortical BMD, total BMD, diaphyseal and cortical cross-sectional area (CSA), and cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) and their derived bone strength indices (BSIs), including BSI_CSMI (cortical BMD × CSMI) and BSI_CSA (cortical BMD × cortical CSA). Conventional dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) was also conducted to measure areal BMD of diaphysis for comparison. Ultimate fracture load was obtained via three-point bending test. Results showed that for femora, fracture load was correlated better with BSI_CSA (r = 0.697, P 0.001) than cortical BMD (r = 0.304, P 0.05) and total BMD (r = 0.387, P 0.05) measured using pQCT and areal BMD (r = 0.612, P 0.001) measured using DXA. For humeri, fracture load was also correlated with BSI_CSA (r = 0.579, P 0.001) but not with other pQCT parameters including cortical BMD and total BMD (r = 0.282 and 0.305, respectively; P 0.05, both). The best correlation was found with areal BMD measured by DXA (r = 0.760, P 0.001). In conclusion, pQCT noninvasive BSI_CSA derived from cortical BMD (material) and its cortical CSA (bone geometry or distribution) may serve as an important noninvasive index for predicting long bone bending strength. The bending strength was also predicted by bone mass (areal BMD) measured by DXA, an integration of bone mineral and geometry. Further clinical studies are needed to validate the predictive value of BSI in long bone osteoporotic fracture.     

Anaesthetic management of a parturient with pulmonary stenosis and aortic incompetence for Caesarean section

Anaesthetic management of Caesarean section in a parturientwith severe pulmonary stenosis and aortic regurgitation is described.The valvular sequelae resulted from previous unsuccessful surgicalcorrection (Ross procedure) of congenital aortic stenosis. Thiscase demonstrates the importance of multi-disciplinary assessmentand careful anaesthetic planning, to avoid deterioration inperioperative cardiac performance in parturients with complexvalvular disease. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 241–3     

完整迷走神经刺激对肝细胞炎症反应及细胞因子信号转导抑制因子mRNA表达的影响

目的 观察完整迷走神经刺激(IVNS)对肝细胞炎症反应及细胞因子信号转导抑制因子(SOCS)mRNA的影响.方法 以内毒素血症为全身炎症反应模型.80只SD大鼠随机分为内毒素组、迷走神经刺激组、假手术组和对照组.每组在注射前、注射后2,4,6 h共4个时相点,检测肝组织TNF-α、IL-10水平变化;RT-PCR法检测肝组织SOCS1、SOCS3 mRNA表达.结果 注射LPS后,肝组织TNF-α、IL-10水平升高,其中注射后4 h TNF-α高于注射后2,6 h(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).在LPS注射后的各时相点,迷走神经刺激组TNF-α浓度显著低于内毒素组(P(0.05).注射后4,6 h迷走神经刺激组IL-10水平显著高于注射后2 h水平(P＜0.01),且高于内毒素组(P＜0.05).注射后4 h,LPS组SOCS1、SOCS3 mRNA表达显著高于对照组及假手术组(P＜0.01);迷走神经刺激组SOCS3 mRNA水平高于内毒素组(P＜0.01).结论 IVNS能抑制肝脏炎症反应,其抗炎机制涉及SOCS信号转导途径.     

开胸术后肋间神经冷冻与静脉镇痛的疗效比较

目的比较肋间神经冷冻与静脉自控镇痛治疗开胸术后疼痛的效果及副作用。方法选择80例接受开胸手术的病人,随机分为静脉镇痛组(I组)和神经冷冻组(II组),静脉镇痛组行术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA),后者采用北京库蓝公司JT-1型冷冻治疗仪在关胸前对切口所在肋间及上、下各一肋间和放置胸引瓶所在肋间的肋间神经进行冷冻,以VAS评分判断两组术后胸部切口疼痛情况,并记录不良反应。结果冷冻组术后72h内VAS评分(P<0.001)、不良反应发生率(P<0.05)与对照组比较差异显著,有统计学意义。结论肋间神经冷冻减轻开胸术后切口疼痛的效果明显优于PCIA,且并发症更少。     

舌下神经管及舌下神经CT/MRI配准对照研究

目的:探讨CT、MRI对舌下神经管及舌下神经的显示价值。方法:回顾性分析复旦大学附属肿瘤医院22例无颅神经侵犯鼻咽癌患者的CT、MRI。研究CT、MRI横断面像上舌下神经管的显示情况(显示层数、左右侧、全管显示、半管显示,两侧纵径、内径以及纵径与矢状面的角度)。结果:CT对舌下神经管:单侧显示11.6%、双侧显示55.8%、未显示32.6%;全管显示58.1%、部分显示9.3%;左管径(6.17±1.3)mm、左管长(6.5±2.0)mm、左管倾角(44.2±0.6)°、右管径(5.78±1.2)mm、右管长(6.8±1.9)mm、右管倾角(44.5±1.7)°。两侧管径比较(t=1.202,P>0.05)。两侧管长比较(t=-1.216,P>0.05)。两侧管倾角比较(t=0.252,P>0.05)。MRI均为全管双侧显示舌下神经管,双侧显示100%;左管径平均(6.3±1.3)mm、左管长平均(6.6±1.8)mm、左管倾角平均(44.1±0.7)°、右管径平均(5.9±0.9)mm、右管长平均(6.9±1.7)mm、右管倾角平均(44.3±1.7)°。两侧管径比较(t=1.11,P>0.05);两侧管长比较(t=-0.984,P>0.05);两侧管倾角比较(t=0.532,P>0.05)。MRI可显示舌下神经池内段和管内段,但显示不出管外段。结论:MRI可同时显示舌下神经管及舌下神经,对病灶的评估更准确,有利于治疗计划的精确制定。     

Prevalence of left atrial appendage pseudothrombus filling defects in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography

Background

Previous reports have shown that computed tomography (CT) is a useful, noninvasive test for detecting atrial thrombi. However, blood stasis in the left atrial appendage (LAA) of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) may be a common cause for false-positive results.

Objectives

We retrospectively evaluated the prevalence of filling defects that may simulate thrombus in the LAA of patients with AF during routine coronary CT angiography (CTA).

Methods

The LAA of 7 patients with AF was studied for the presence of filling defects and compared with 250 healthy persons. LAA volume in the patients with AF was measured at 10 different cardiac phases and compared with 30 healthy patients.

Results

Of the 7 patients with AF studied with CTA, 5 were positive for LAA filling defects. Follow-up imaging studies, including transesophageal echocardiogram, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, or delayed-CT, were negative for LAA thrombus. Of 250 patients without AF, CTA showed no evidence of LAA filling defects. Patients with AF had significantly larger LAA volumes at all cardiac phases measured compared with patients without AF (15.2 ± 6.93 mL compared with 6.85 ± 3.01 mL at atrial contraction [P = 0.0187], 17.4 ± 7.76 mL compared with 9.46 ± 3.43 mL at ventricular systole [P = 0.0351], and 14.5 ± 5.87 mL compared with 8.48 ± 3.10 mL at mid-diastole [P = 0.0341]). Compared with the healthy persons, the patients with AF showed reduced percentages of change in LAA volume when the atrial contraction phase was compared with other phases: 44.0% ± 25.6% compared with 16.5% ± 12.2% compared with ventricular systole (P = 0.0004) and 29.5% ± 23.7% compared with −1.63% ± 8.84% at mid-diastole (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Pseudothrombus filling defects are common in the LAA of patients with AF undergoing coronary CTA and should not be mistaken for real thrombus.     

肋间神经转位脊髓神经根桥接联合应用GDNF促进大鼠脊髓损伤后功能恢复

目的：肋间神经转位脊髓神经根桥接联合应用胶质源性神经营养因子(GDNF)恢复大鼠脊髓损伤的功能。方法：将成年大鼠分为脊髓半切洞损伤组(A组)、脊髓半切洞损伤 肋间神经转位脊髓神经根桥接组(B组)、脊髓半切洞 肋间神经转位脊髓神经根桥接 胶质源性神经营养因子(C组)。手术后应用联合行为评分(CBS)。感觉诱发电位(SEP)和运动诱发电位(MEP)检查，测定脊髓功能恢复情况。结果：3组CBS得分A组＞B组＞C组，SEP和MEP潜峰时，均A组＞B组＞C组，统计分析均有显著差异性(P＜0.05)。结论：肋间神经转位脊髓神经根桥接联合应用胶质源性神经营养因子能促进损伤脊髓功能的恢复。