Genes of tumor necrosis factors and their receptors and the primary open angle glaucoma in the population of Central Russia

AIM: To examine the association of genetic polymorphisms (-308)G/A TNFα, (+250)A/G Ltα, (+36)A/G TNFR1, (+1663)A/G TNFR2 with the development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) among people in Central Russia. METHODS: The study sample included 443 individuals, of which 252 patients with POAG and 191 individuals in the control group. Genotyping of (-308)G/A TNFα, (+250)A/G Ltα, (+36)A/G TNFR1, (+1663)A/G TNFR2 was performed using polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of alleles and genotypes of the studied DNA markers in the groups was examined by 2×2 contingency tables and χ2 with the Yates’s correction for continuity and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Allele (-308)G TNFα (Р=0.01, OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.12-2.85) was identified as a risk factor for POAG. Homozygotes (-308) AA TNFα are at a lowest risk for development of the disease (Р=0.01, OR=0.0005). The following combination of genetic variants of cytokines were associated with a reduced risk of POAG: (+1663)A TNFR2 and (+250)G Ltα (OR=0.34) CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms (-308)G/A TNFα, (+250)A/G Ltα, (+1663)A/G TNFR2 associated with the development of POAG in the population of Central Russia.     

Diabetes and risk of glaucoma: systematic review and a Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

AIM: To quantify the association between diabetes and glaucoma using Meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched using medical subject headings and key words related to diabetes and glaucoma. The inclusion criteria were: 1) the study design was a prospective cohort study; 2) the exposure of interest was diabetes; 3) the outcome of interest was primary open angle glaucoma (POAG); 4) risk ratios (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Data were pooled using fixed effects models to take into account heterogeneity between studies. Seven prospective studies were selected. Diabetes increased the incidence of glaucoma by 36% (OR=1.36, 95% CI=1.25-1.50). There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity (I2=0, P=0.53) or publication bias (the funnel plot did not identify obvious asymmetry). RESULTS: Seven prospective cohort studies were incorporated in this Meta-analysis. The pooled RR of the association between POAG and diabetes based on the risk estimates of the seven cohort studies was 1.36 (95%CI=1.24-1.50), with no significant heterogeneity across studies (I2=0; P=0.526). The sensitivity analysis yielded a range of RRs from 1.34 (95%CI=1.22-1.48) to1.40 (95%CI=1.18-1.67). CONCLUSION: Diabetes is associated with a significantly increased risk of glaucoma.     

Long-term efficacy and safety of ExPress implantation for treatment of open angle glaucoma

AIM: To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of ExPress implantation and standard trabeculectomy in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: In this retrospective study, we compared 17 eyes treated by ExPress implantation with 23 eyes treated by trabeculectomy. Efficacy was assessed according to the relevant intraocular pressure (IOP) values and success rates during the first year of follow-up. Postoperative corneal endothelial cell loss was also compared. RESULTS: The number of antiglaucoma medications and the IOP reduction were similar between the 2 groups during the follow-up period. Although the mean IOP was similar, the IOP-fluctuation rate during the early postoperative period was significantly lower in the ExPress group than in the trabeculectomy group (P=0.038). A Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed no significant success-rate difference between the groups (P=0.810). The corneal endothelial cell loss rate, moreover, was significantly lower in the ExPress group (P=0.05). CONCLUSION: ExPress implantation compared with trabeculectomy showed similar IOP-reduction and success rates along with lower IOP fluctuation and endothelial cell loss rates. For this reason, it can be considered to be the treatment of choice for patients with advanced glaucoma or low corneal endothelial cell density.     

Evolving Paradigms in Classification of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

Purpose: To review the old and existing classification systems for primary angle closure disease. Methods: Literature review and new proposed classification system. Results: Existing classification systems have several shortcomings which cannot be applied in a clinical setting. This can be addressed by a proposed scoring system. Conclusion: A scoring system would be most appropriate for any clinical setting as well as for prognosticating primary angle closure disease.     

OCT检测POAG患者RNFL厚度的改变及视野缺损情况

目的:探讨OCT检测原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)患者视网膜神经纤维层厚度(RNFL)的改变及视野缺损情况.方法:回顾性病例系列研究.将POAG患者158例158眼作为POAG组,其中早期81眼,中期47眼,晚期30眼,选取同期体检无眼部相关疾病者50例50眼作为对照组.检测上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧RNFL厚度及视野平均缺损值,POAG患者随诊3mo观察连续性变化.结果:POAG组随诊前及随诊3mo上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧RNFL厚度均低于对照组,视野平均缺损值多于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);早期POAG患者各部位RNFL厚度、视野平均缺损值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但各部位RNFL厚度高于中期、晚期POAG患者,视野平均缺损值少于中期、晚期POAG患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);POAG组随诊前和随诊3mo各部位RNFL、视野平均缺损值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).Pearson相关分析显示,上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧RNFL厚度与视野平均缺损值均呈负相关关系(r=-0.719、-0.615、-0.681、-0.518,均P<0.05).结论:OCT可监测POAG患者RNFL厚度变化,且与视野平均缺损呈负相关关系,可用于POAG早期诊断.     

Morphological characteristics of external auditory canal in congenital aural stenosis patients

ObjectiveTo investigate characteristics of congenital aural stenosis (CAS) patients' external auditory canal (EAC) (position, length, orientation, etc.) and compare them with normal EAC.

Valgus osteotomy for nonunion and neglected neck of femur fractures

Nonunion neck of femur can be a difficult problem to treat, particularly in the young, and is associated with high complication rates of avascular necrosis due to the precarious blood supply and poor biomechanics.The various treatment options that have been described can be broadly divided according to the aim of improving either biology or biomechanics. Surgeries aimed at improving the biology, such as vascularized fibula grafting, have good success rates but require high levels of expertise and substantial resources. A popular surgical treatment aimed at improving the biomechanics-valgus intertrochanteric osteotomyoptimizes conditions for fracture healing by converting shear forces across the fracture site into compressive forces. Numerous variations of this surgical procedure have been developed and successfully applied in clinical practice. As a result, the proximal femoral orientation for obtaining a good functional outcome has evolved over the years, and the present concept of altering the proximal femoral anatomy as little as possible has arisen. This technical objective supports attaining union as well as a good functional outcome, since excessive valgus can lead to increased joint reaction forces. This review summarizes the historical and current literature on valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy treatment of nonunion neck of femur, with a focus on factors predictive of good functional outcome and potential pitfalls to be avoided as well as controversies surrounding this procedure.