小鼠NOMO1基因RNA干扰载体的构建及其功能的初步研究

目的:构建小鼠NOMO1基因RNA干扰载体,比较其对P19细胞NOMO1基因的抑制效率,以研究NOMO1基因与P19细胞向心肌细胞方向分化的关系?方法:利用Designer3.0软件设计小鼠NOMO1基因干扰片段,合成shRNA序列,再行寡核苷酸双链的合成,退火后形成的寡核苷酸双链克隆到pGPU6/Hygro载体的黏性末端,连接产物转化到感受态细胞,增菌,质粒扩增,质粒DNA抽提,使用PstⅠ?BamHⅠ进行双酶切和DNA测序鉴定重组克隆?将小鼠NOMO1基因RNA干扰载体转染P19细胞,以RT-PCR技术验证NOMO1基因在P19细胞中的mRNA表达?以DMSO诱导分化方案诱导P19细胞向心肌细胞分化,采用定量 RT-PCR技术检测P19细胞中α-MHC等基因mRNA的表达,评估NOMO1与P19干细胞向心肌细胞方向分化的关系?结果:双酶切证实shRNA正确插入质粒,测序结果表明插入的序列正确?载体转染的P19细胞筛选稳定表达株,经RT-PCR和Western blot验证4个位点设计的干扰质粒对NOMO1在P19细胞中的mRNA表达均具有较高的抑制效率?转染后P19细胞的α-MHC基因mRNA表达则显著下调(P < 0.05)?结论:成功构建小鼠NOMO1基因RNA干扰载体,为研究NOMO1基因与P19细胞向心肌细胞方向分化的关系提供了稳定的转染细胞工具,NOMO1可能通过诱导α-MHC等基因表达,促进P19干细胞向中胚层的分化?     

ZAK-β蛋白激酶基因真核表达载体的构建

目的 将人源ZAK-β基因定向克隆入MSCV-IRES-GFP质粒,构建真核表达载体pMSCV-IRES-GFP-ZAK-β.方法 以肺癌A549细胞的cDNA为模板,通过PCR得到ZAK-β特异性基因产物,克隆入真核表达载体pMSCV-IRES-GFP中,获得重组真核表达载体pMSCV-IRES-GFP-ZAK-β,测序验证.结果 扩增了ZAK-β基因,经双酶切、测序鉴定证实目的基因克隆到真核表达载体pMSCV-IRES-GFP中,测序结果与预测完全一致.结论 成功构建了ZAK-β逆转录病毒表达载体,为进一步研究ZAK蛋白激酶的功能奠定了基础.     

乙型肝炎病毒核心启动子缺失变异对病毒抗原表达的影响

目的为研究乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)核心启动子(CP)20/21bp部分缺失(nt1748/1747至nt1767)及同时存在的A1896点变异对病毒抗原表达的影响。方法利用前期构建的HBV全基因的重组载体转染HepG2细胞后,对病毒抗原进行ELISA检测及Western-blotting分析。结果变异株分泌到细胞外的HBsAg、HBeAg及细胞内的HBcAg表达量较野毒株均明显减少。结论HBVCP20/21bp部分缺失株及同时存在的A1896点变异株的病毒抗原表达较野毒株显著下降。     

HIV-1整合酶真核表达载体的构建及在Hela细胞中的表达和定位

目的构建重组基因表达载体pcDNA6/V5-HisA-IN并观察其在Hela细胞中的表达.对HIV-1整合酶表达以后在细胞里的定位情况进行研究.方法通过PCR扩增和定向克隆技术构建重组真核表达载体pcDNA6/V5-HisA-IN.以Lipofectamine2000介导转染Hela细胞.细胞用4%的多聚甲醛固定以后,经过PI对细胞核染色,整合酶抗体跟整合酶反应以后,用FITC标记的二抗进行孵育,用共聚焦显微镜观测整合酶在细胞中的表达情况.结果经过定向克隆和测序鉴定证实,重组真核表达载体pcDNA6/V5-HisA-IN构建成功.免疫荧光实验显示,Lipofectamine2000介导质粒转染Hela表达成功,整合酶主要定位在细胞核.结论 HIV-1整合酶真核表达载体构建成功,转染以后,整合酶表达并且主要定位在细胞核.     

反转录病毒载体介导猪MHCⅡ分子在猪骨髓细胞中的表达

目的构建猪MHC Ⅱ分子的反转录病毒表达载体，建立产生病毒颗粒的包装细胞株，体外转导小型猪骨髓细胞并观察目的基因的表达情况，为研究小型猪转导同种异体MHC Ⅱ分子对于肝脏移植特异性免疫耐受的诱导提供实验基础和实验材料。方法利用基因重组技术将目的基因SLA-DRB^dd、SLA-DQA^dd和SLA-DQB^dd克隆到反转录病毒载体pLNCX2上，通过脂质体转染包装细胞AmphoPack^TM-293细胞，从G418筛选阳性克隆细胞培养上清中获得了有感染性的病毒颗粒；并对体外培养的猪骨髓细胞进行了感染，采用Nothern杂交和逆转录．聚合酶链反应（RTPCR）等方法检测了目的基因在骨髓细胞中的表达。结果经过酶切和测序验证已成功构建了MHC Ⅱ分子的反转录病毒表达载体，在转染AmphoPack^TM-293细胞后可以产生有感染性的重组病毒颗粒，稳定的CFM-GFG418抗性率为6％～11％，RT结果显示抗性细胞中有目的基因的RNA转录产物存在，而转染空载体的对照组没有。结论重组有目的基因的逆转录病毒载体pLNCX2经过包装细胞AmphoPack^TM-293产生的病毒颗粒可以有效地将猪MHC Ⅱ分子转导入猪的骨髓细胞并获得长期稳定的表达。     

A study on improvement of expression of human G－CSF cDNA transferred with retroviral double－copy vector

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Surge of Dengue Virus Infection and Chikungunya Fever in Bali in 2010: The Burden of Mosquito-Borne Infectious Diseases in a Tourist Destination

Labor flow and travelers are important factors contributing to the spread of Dengue virus infection and chikungunya fever. Bali Province of Indonesia, a popular resort and tourist destination, has these factors and suffers from mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Using area study approach, a series of fieldwork was conducted in Bali to obtain up-to-date primary disease data, to learn more about public health measures, and to interview health officers, hotel personnel, and other resource persons. The national data including information on two other provinces were obtained for comparison. The health ministry reported 5,810 and 11,697 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Bali in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Moreover, two densely populated tourist areas and one district have shown a particularly high incidence and sharp increases in 2010. Cases of chikungunya fever reported in Bali more than doubled in 2010 from the previous year. Our findings suggest that Bali can benefit from a significant reduction in vector populations and dissemination of disease preventive knowledge among both local residents and foreign visitors. This will require a concerted and trans-border approach, which may prove difficult in the province.     

Genotoxicity of retroviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy

Introduction: Retroviral vectors have been developed for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy and have successfully cured X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID), adrenoleukodystrophy, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. However, in HSC gene therapy clinical trials, genotoxicity mediated by integrated vector proviruses has led to clonal expansion, and in some cases frank leukemia. Numerous studies have been performed to understand the molecular basis of vector-mediated genotoxicity with the aim of developing safer vectors and safer gene therapy protocols. These genotoxicity studies are critical to advancing HSC gene therapy.

Areas covered: This review provides an introduction to the mechanisms of retroviral vector genotoxicity. It also covers advances over the last 20 years in designing safer gene therapy vectors, and in integration site analysis in clinical trials and large animal models. Mechanisms of retroviral-mediated genotoxicity, and the risk factors that contribute to clonal expansion and leukemia in HSC gene therapy are introduced.

Expert opinion: Continued research on virus–host interactions and next-generation vectors should further improve the safety of future HSC gene therapy vectors and protocols.     

Gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiencies

Severe combined immune deficiencies (SCIDs) are a group of monogenic diseases resulting in profound disturbances of lymphocyte development and function. Affected individuals are prone to life-threatening infections and without treatment do not survive beyond the first year of life. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a well-matched donor offers high rates of survival, but in the absence of a suitable matched donor, parental haploidentical transplants are associated with greater complications, lower success rates and in some instances poor long-term immune recovery. Alternative therapeutic options based on correction of the defective gene by retroviral gene delivery have been used to correct X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) and adenosine deaminase-deficient SCID (ADA-SCID). A number of clinical trials have established that ex vivo gene transfer into haematopoietic progenitor cells allows effective recovery of immune defects and that gene therapy can offer a successful alternative to transplantation. The development of leukaemia as a result of insertional mutagenesis in one trial of gene therapy for SCID-X1 has raised concerns regarding the toxicity of retroviral vector-based gene delivery. These side effects are now being studied in detail and measures to prevent such events through alternative vectors delivery systems are in development at present.     

Advances in gene transfer into haematopoietic stem cells by adenoviral vectors

Until recently, the cells of haematopoietic origin were not considered good adenoviral (Adv) targets, primarily because they lacked the specific Adv receptors required for productive and efficient Adv infections. In addition, because of limitations inherent in Adv infections, such as short-term expression and a non-integrating nature, their application has been precluded from haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and bone marrow transduction protocols where long-term expression has been required. Therefore, limited research utilising Adv-mediated gene transfer into haematopoietic cells had been conducted. With recent insights into the critical interactions between adenovirus (Adv) and cells, new Adv-mediated gene transduction strategies have now been reported that may overcome these limitations. These new strategies include Adv possessing synthetic polymer coatings, genetically modified capsid proteins or antibody-redirected fibres that can efficiently redirect and retarget Adv to transfer genes into HSC. Additionally, new hybrid Advs, engineered with both modified capsid proteins and novel cis-acting integration sequences, are also being developed which can efficiently deliver and integrate Adv delivered genes into HSC. This is an area of research that is now rapidly gaining momentum in terms of techniques and applications. Here we review the current status of adenovirus-based vectors as a means to achieve high-level gene transfer into haematopoietic cell types.