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91.
D M McSherry 《Statistics in medicine》1986,5(5):497-502
The independence Bayesian model has been used widely in computer programs designed to support clinical decision-making. A reasoning strategy has been developed to enable these programs to conduct clinically pertinent dialogue and explain their reasoning. It has been implemented in a program for the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain based on the Bayesian model of de Dombal et al. Several features of the dialogue design have been adopted from artificial intelligence research, including shared initiative and critiquing. The program adopts a flexible goal-driven strategy, attempting to confirm the clinician's diagnosis or rule out the likeliest alternative. Symptoms and signs are selected in order of their expected weights of evidence in favour of the hypothesized disease. 相似文献
92.
Aoyama Takao Yamamoto Koujirou Kotaki Hajime Sawada Yasufumi Iga Tatsuji 《Pharmaceutical research》1997,14(11):1601-1606
Purpose. The locomotive activity changes after intravenous (i.v.) administration of methylphenidate (MPD) in rats were pharmacodynamically analyzed.
Methods. MPD concentration in plasma, MPD concentration and dopamine (DA) level in striatal dialysate collected by microdialysis method, and the locomotor activity after i.v. administration of MPD (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg doses) were used for the analysis.
Results. The transport of MPD from plasma to the interstitial fluid in the brain could be expressed by the linear two-compartment model. The clockwise hysteresis between the MPD concentration and the DA level in the dialysate could be explained by the pharmacodynamic model considering Michaelis-Menten type reuptake process of the extracellular DA into the terminal of the dopaminergic nerve and its competitive inhibition by the extracellular MPD. The inhibition constant (Ki) of MPD for DA reuptake was estimated to be 41.3 ± 73.8 nM (mean ± SE), which was closely consistent with the in vitro value after correction with dialysis recovery. The relationship between DA level in dialysate and locomotor activity was expressed by the Emax model considering two contrary effects, hyperkinesia and stereotypy. The bi-phasic locomotor activity-time profiles after high dose of MPD could be represented by this model.
Conclusions. The developed model made it possible to explain the tolerance in DA increase and the complicated locomotive change induced by MPD, and may be useful for other DA reuptake inhibitors, such as amphetamine and methamphetamine. 相似文献
93.
Modulation of cytokine production from an EpiOcular corneal cell culture model in response to Staphylococcus aureus superantigen 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A Thakur PhD A Clegg MSc A Chauhan MSc MDP Willcox PhD 《Clinical & experimental ophthalmology》1997,25(4):43-45
The present study investigated the hypothesis that Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEE) produces epithelial cell death and releases inflammatory cytokines that produce stromal infiltration during contact lens induced peripheral ulceration. Epithelial cells were incubated with different doses of SEB for various time periods. Culture supernatants were assayed for cytokines IL- lo, IL-6 and chemotactic agents IL-8 and LTB,. SEE induced the production of IL- I p and IL-8. Epithelial cells exposed for longer periods (48 h) with low concentrations of SEB produced significantly higher levels (N0.02) of IL-Ip and IL-8 (P<0.05) compared t o a 24 h exposure. SEB did not induce the production o f IL-6 and 相似文献
94.
The systolic hump in the aortic blood pressure wave is defined as the aorticresistance component proportional to the aortic
blood flow superimposed on the windkessel component. An electrical analogue comprising a series resistance (aortic resistance)
plus a resistance (peripheral resistance) and capacitance (aortic compliance) in parallel (i.e. windkessel component) is used
for analysis. Curve fitting using the leastsquares method is performed on calculated and measured blood pressure waves from
dogs under haemodynamical conditions induced by infusion of three drugs (noradrenaline, isoproterenol and acetylcholine).
The curve fitting RMS (root mean square) errors are <3% for blood pressure waves and <30% for blood flow waves, with good
agreement between measured and calculated blood flow waveforms. Infusion of noradrenaline and acetylcholine is found to induce
a significant decrease and increase in the aortic resistance, respectively. Although only a small fraction of the blood pressure
wave, the systolic hump has a marked effect on the systolic pressure waveform. 相似文献
95.
Paul Corcoran Michael J. Kelleher Helen S. Keeley Sinéad Byrne Ursula Burke Eileen Williamson 《Archives of Suicide Research》1997,3(1):65-74
This paper presents a statistical model constructed using logisticregression to identify those at high-risk of repeating parasuicide. Thesubjects in the study are Cork city residents who exhibited parasuicidalbehaviour between 1 January and 30 June 1995. Repetition of the behaviourwithin six months of the index episode distinguishes repeaters fromnon-repeaters. The model was designed so that it could be used bynon-clinicians and hence does not require information relating topsychiatric diagnosis or use of psychiatric services. The proportion ofsubjects correctly classified remained stable across a range of cut-pointprobabilities (mean = 86%, range: 83.9–87.5%). Using acut-point of 0.2, 96% of repeaters and 81% of non-repeaters were correctly classified. Using 0.45 led to the correct identification of81% of repeaters and 90% of non-repeaters. If these highlevels of sensitivity and specificity are maintained in validation tests onfuture cohorts in Cork city then the model could form the basis of anintervention programme designed to prevent the repetition of parasuicide. 相似文献
96.
熵代表无序的水平,作者使用通气的熵变(ECV)指示肺通气的不均匀性,ECV定义为当前泡潮气量趋近于零时每摩尔被吸入气体从不均匀通气到均匀通气的熵变的极限。本文从熵的基本公式民地出ECV的计算方程。用几个数学模型肺将ECV同其他7个洗出指标进行了比较。8个指标中,只有ECV仅取决于通气分布,其他7个指标不仅取决于通气分布,还同潮气量和死腔的大小有关。这影响了它们评价肺通气不均匀性的效果,ECV的另一 相似文献
97.
Martin Woodhead 《Early child development and care》1990,58(1):129-141
There is now a substantial body of American research evidence demonstrating that early education programmes can have major long term effects right through into adult life. Cost-benefit analysis has enabled the data to be transformed into a compelling case for public financial investment. But insufficient attention has been paid to explaining how a short term preschool programme could have such enduring effects. The effects are best understood by applying a transactional model which shows how processes in the school and community transformed and amplified short term effects into long term outcomes. Adopting a transactional model modifies the messages for policy. The results of evaluations carried out in one society may not apply in another. In some school systems there may be more effective strategies than early education for improving educational prospects. 相似文献
98.
Gene M. Heyman 《Psychopharmacology》1993,112(2-3):259-269
A series of experiments evaluated the determinants of preference for mixtures of ethanol plus sucrose relative to sucrose in rats. One dipper served 10% ethanol mixed with 10% sucrose, and the second dipper served 10% sucrose. Lever presses operated each dipper according to a variable-interval 5-s schedule. In three experiments the subjects were given pre-session meals of sucrose (2.5–20 ml) or sucrose (20 ml) plus chow (5 or 10 g). Pre-session meals decreased responding maintained by sucrose but not responding maintained by ethanol mixture. In two experiments body weight was varied from 85% to 125% of the initial free-feeding values. Increases in body weight, like pre-session meals, decreased responding reinforced by sucrose, but typically did not decrease responding reinforced by ethanol mixture. Throughout most of the study, ethanol consumption remained at about 1.25 ml per half hour session (3–4 g/kg per 30 min). For example, pre-session access to ethanol mixture decreased within-session ethanol consumption, but total consumption, counting both sources, remained about 1.25 ml/session. The within-session patterns of responding also differed. Responding reinforced by ethanol mix decreased as a function of ethanol consumption, whereas responding reinforced by sucrose was relatively constant throughout the session. The simplest explanation of the results is that ethanol's pharmacological consequences regulated preference. 相似文献
99.
100.
A rat model of monitoring liver allograft rejection 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Timi Martelius Heikki Mäkisalo Krister Höckerstedt Eero Taskinen Irmeli Lautenschlager 《Transplant international》1997,10(2):103-108
Rat models are often used to study liver allograft rejection. We have established a model for rat liver allograft rejection,
monitored by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), in the strain combination PVG-to-BN with a mean survival time of 37 ± 20
days. In this model, we observed acute rejection with an intense peak of lymphoid blasts and lymphocyte-dominated inflammation
in the FNAB [9.1 ± 3.0 corrected increment units (CIU)], and an eventual increase in macrophages (up to 4.2 ± 4.4 CIU), together
with fibrosis and parenchymal necrosis in the graft. Markers of immune activation, such as an increase in IL-2-receptor (from
1 % ± 2 % to 21 % ± 13 %) and class II (from 20 % ± 9 % to 43 % ± 13 %) expressing lymphoid cells and induction of ICAM-1
in the graft, were consistent with the overall cellular response. The FNAB correlated well with parallel graft histology.
In this rat model, the atraumatic monitoring makes a close follow-up possible without having to sacrifice the experimental
animals. This saves work, animals, and costs in the study of liver rejection.
Received: 2 July 1996 Accepted: 28 October 1996 相似文献