妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩巨大儿的影响因素分析

目的:分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇分娩巨大儿的可能影响因素。方法:选取定期产检并分娩、孕周>37周的单活胎GDM孕妇371例临床资料,包括年龄、身高、体质量、孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕期体质量增长、糖尿病家族史、不良孕产史、巨大儿产史、新生儿性别、血糖治疗方案、血糖控制情况、是否分娩巨大儿等。采用非条件多因素二分类logistic回归方程分析影响GDM孕妇分娩巨大儿的可能影响因素。结果:巨大儿组孕妇身高、体质量和新生儿男性人数均高于非巨大儿组(P<0.05～P<0.01),而巨大儿组孕妇血糖控制良好率明显低于非巨大儿组(P<0.01)。孕妇孕前后体质量指数差和血糖控制情况均是分娩巨大儿的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:有效控制GDM孕妇孕期体质量的过度增长,维持良好的血糖水平,对于预防GDM孕妇分娩巨大儿具有潜在的意义。     

Perinatal outcomes and macrosomia in a multi-ethnic population of women with type 2 diabetes

We reviewed pregnancy outcomes of women with type 2 diabetes giving birth over a six-year period, comparing the main ethnic groups. Asian women had significantly smaller babies and lower rates of macrosomia as defined by standard growth charts. Other outcomes were similar between the Asian, European and Polynesian women.     

Cribado precoz de diabetes gestacional y macrosomía

Gestational diabetes (GD), which has a prevalence of 9%, is associated with high maternal and perinatal morbidity. Early diagnosis and treatment of maternal hyperglycemia reduce the risk of macrosomia and the associated intrapartum complications. Risk factors for GD can be identified in the first trimester from maternal history (age, obesity, previous macrosomia or GD, family history of diabetes), biochemical markers (adiponectin, sex hormone-binding globuline and others), and biophysical markers (arteriography, visceral adiposity). Risk factors for macrosomia include obesity and diabetes in the maternal history, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A and free β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin as biochemical markers, and nuchal translucency and uterine artery Doppler as biophysical markers. Prediction models combining maternal history, biochemical and biophysical markers can achieve a detection rate of 65% and 35% for GD and macrosomia, respectively, with a false positive rate of 10%.     

Prevention of shoulder dystocia related birth injuries: Myths and facts

Traditionally, brachial plexus damage was attributed to excessive traction applied on the fetal head at delivery. Recently, it was proposed that most injuries occur spontaneously in utero. The author has studied the mechanism of neurological birth injuries based on 338 actual cases with special attention to (1) fetal macrosomia; (2) maternal diabetes; and (3) methods of delivery. There was a high coincidence between use of traction and brachial plexus injuries. Instrumental extractions increased the risk exponentially. Erb’s palsy following cesarean section was exceedingly rare. These facts imply that spontaneous neurological injury in utero is extremely rare phenomenon. Literary reports show that shoulder dystocia and its associated injuries increased in the United States several-fold since the introduction of active management of delivery in the 1970’s. Such a dramatic change in a stable population is unlikely to be caused by incidental spontaneous events unrelated to external factors. The cited investigations indicate that brachial plexus damage typically is traction related. The traditional technique which precludes traction is the optimal method for avoiding arrest of the shoulders and its associated neurological birth injuries. Effective prevention also requires meticulous prenatal care and elective abdominal delivery of macrosomic fetuses in carefully selected cases.     

广东巨大儿发病率调查及高危因素分析

【目的】 调查广东巨大儿发生率及探讨其高危因素。【方法】 收集中山大学附属第一医院等广东13所大型医院产科2010年10月至2010年11月住院分娩的巨大儿(≥4000 g)共222例作为研究组,随机抽取同期正常体质量(2 500 ~ 3 999 g)的新生儿414例作为对照组。计算巨大儿发生率,比较两组间孕妇年龄、孕次、产次、身高、孕前体质量、产前体质量、孕期增重、孕周、分娩方式、新生儿体质指标、孕妇及新生儿并发症等情况,统计分析巨大儿的相关因素及高危因素。【结果】 巨大儿共 222 例,总发生率为 2.78 %;两组间孕妇孕期增重有统计学差异[对照组(15 ± 5)kg vs 巨大儿组(18 ± 5)kg, P < 0.05];巨大儿组中妊娠期糖尿病(16.9 % vs 5.6 %, P < 0.01)、羊水过多(7.8 % vs 1.2 %, P < 0.01)的发生率更高;巨大儿组顺产率更低(20.1% vs 47.5%, P < 0.05),手术产率更多(78.5 % vs 51.0 %, P < 0.01);巨大组和对照组的男女婴比例有显著差异(146/76 vs 229/185, P < 0.01);头围也有统计学差异[(35.75 ± 1.07) cm vs (33.70 ± 1.53) cm, P < 0.01]。分娩巨大儿的相关因素为孕周、孕次、身高、孕前体质量、孕前BMI、产前体质量、产前BMI、孕期增重等;分娩巨大儿的高危因素为年龄、孕周、产前体质量、妊娠期糖尿病等。【结论】 广东巨大儿发生率约为2.78 %,高危因素为年龄、孕周、产前体质量、妊娠期糖尿病等;在具有分娩巨大儿高危因素的孕妇当中,要注意筛查巨大儿,特别是在四步触诊临床估计胎重及超声测量中。     

The effect of a sonographic estimated fetal weight on the risk of cesarean delivery in macrosomic and small for gestational-age infants*

Objective: To assess the association of a sonographic estimated fetal weight (sonoEFW) with the risk of cesarean delivery in women with macrosomic or small for gestational age (SGA) infants.

Methods: Retrospective cohort of singleton deliveries >24 weeks by one MFM practice from 2005 to 2014. We included all patients who delivered an infant with macrosomia (birth weight ≥4000?g) or SGA (birth weight <10th percentile). We compared the risk of cesarean delivery between patients who did and did not have a sonoEFW within four weeks of delivery. Regression analysis was performed to control for any differences in baseline characteristics.

Results: In patients with macrosomic infants (n?=?352), the risk of cesarean delivery was significantly higher in the sonoEFW group (45.3% versus 17.6%, aOR 2.144, 95% CI: 1.06–4.34). When we restricted the analysis to the subgroup of 265 patients who attempted vaginal delivery, our results were similar (22.3% versus 9.1%, aOR 2.73, 95% CI: 1.15–6.48). In patients with an SGA infant (n?=?614), the risk of cesarean delivery was not higher in the sonoEFW group (37.4% versus 24.1%, aOR 1.23, 95% CI: 0.80–2.07), nor in those who attempted vaginal delivery (19.8% versus 13.7%, aOR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.62–2.21).

Conclusions: A sonoEFW prior to delivery is independently associated with cesarean delivery in women with macrosomic infants, but not those with SGA infants. This should be considered when deciding to obtain a sonoEFW at the end of pregnancy, particularly if not for an accepted indication.     

Amniotic fluid index and estimated fetal weight for prediction of fetal macrosomia: a prospective observational study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of combining the estimated fetal weight (EFW) and amniotic fluid index (AFI) measured in term patients early in labor with intact membranes for prediction of macrosomia.

Methods: In a single center, prospective observational study, 600 patients in the first stage of labor before rupture of membranes in whom ultrasonography was performed to measure AFI and EFW, and these data were analyzed statistically to evaluate prediction of fetal macrosomia.

Results: Macrosomia occurred in 64 cases (10.6%). The AFI was significantly higher in the macrosomic group (p?=?0.001). It was noted that the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for EFW was 0.93 and that of AFI was 0.67. Based on suggested combined EFW and AFI cutoffs of 4000?g and 164?mm, respectively, the positive predictive value (PPV) for combined parameters (92.3%) was higher than that of EFW (75%) and that of AFI (27%) and the likelihood ratio for combination (93.7%) was higher than that of EFW (24.7%) and that of AFI (21%).

Conclusion: Combined use of EFW and AFI improves prediction of macrosomia at birth rather than the EFW alone.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子与妊娠期糖尿病及巨大儿的关系

目的：探讨孕妇胎盘中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）的水平与妊娠期糖尿病及巨大儿的关系。方法采用实时荧光定量 PCR 方法检测妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇生产巨大儿（新生儿体重≥4000 g,12例,GDM巨大儿组）和正常体重儿（2500 g≤新生儿体重＜4000 g,12例,GDM正常儿组）及正常产妇生产巨大儿（12例,巨大儿组）和正常体重儿（12例,正常儿组）胎盘中 bFGF 的含量,比较4组差异。结果以正常儿组为阴性对照, GDM正常儿组和正常儿组的 bFGF 相对表达量为（4.47±3.73）和（1.64±1.20）,GDM正常儿组 bFGF 的表达量升高;以巨大儿组为阴性对照,GDM巨大儿组和巨大儿组 bFGF 相对表达量为（1.73±1.61）和（1.11±0.64）,GDM巨大儿组 bFGF 表达量升高;以 GDM正常儿组为阴性对照,GDM正常儿组和 GDM巨大儿组 bFGF 相对表达量为（1.36±1.14）和（1.23±1.23）,GDM巨大儿组 bFGF 表达量降低;以正常儿组为阴性对照,正常儿组和巨大儿组bFGF 表达量为（1.64±1.20）和（1.53±1.60）,巨大儿 bFGF 表达量降低;差异均有统计学意义。以总体正常儿组为阴性对照,总体正常儿组和合并巨大儿组 bFGF 相对表达量为（1.68±1.67）和（1.51±1.71）,合并巨大儿组bFGF 相对表达量降低,差异有统计学意义。结论妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的胎盘中 bFGF 表达量增加;巨大儿时胎盘中 bFGF 表达降低。     

Does fetal macrosomia affect umbilical artery Doppler velocity waveforms in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes?

Objectives: We aimed to establish whether macrosomic fetuses in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM) show different Pulsatility Index (PI) values in umbilical artery (UA) than in non-macrosomic fetuses.

Methods: We considered 106 pregnant women with GDM. Doppler recordings of UA-PI were performed at 34–41 weeks and related to neonatal birthweight. Pregnancies were divided in two groups according to birthweight, macrosomic group (>4000?g) and controls (<4000?g), and according to birthweight centile,?>90th centile and?<90th centile. Differences in UA-PI and maternal and fetal characteristics between groups were tested.

Results: Mean UA-PI was significantly lower in newborns with birthweight?>4000?g than in controls (PI?=?0.69; 95% CI 0.64–0.74 versus PI?=?0.87; 95% CI 0.84–0.90, p?<?000.1). Mean UA-PI was significantly lower in newborns with birthweight centile?>90th centile than in controls (PI?=?0.79; 95% CI 0.74–0.84 versus PI?=?0.87; 95% CI 0.83–0.90; t?=?2.653; p?=?0.01). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between UA-PI and neonatal birthweight and between UA-PI and neonatal birthweight centile.

Conclusions: Macrosomic fetuses of pregnancies complicated by GDM show lower values of UA-PI compared with controls. Despite UA-PI results, a variable related to macrosomia its role in the management of these pregnancies remains to be established.     

妊娠期营养不良对大鼠糖、脂代谢及子代出生体重的影响

目的 研究妊娠期营养不良(营养过剩及营养不足)对大鼠糖、脂代谢及子代出生体重的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠从确定妊娠第1天起按摄入食物的不同,分别分为高脂高热量组、正常饮食组及低热量饮食组,每组10只.比较孕鼠妊娠期体重变化以及妊娠晚期血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖、胰岛素的水平、口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验结果的差异,观察各组子代出生体重及仔鼠巨大儿和低体重的发生率.采用单因素方差分析、LSD或DunnettT3检验、卡方检验进行统计学分析.结果 高脂高热量饮食组大鼠妊娠期体重明显增加,妊娠晚期血清甘油三酯及低密度脂蛋白分别为(1.68±0.13) mmol/L及(0.57±0.04) mmol/L,均高于正常饮食组[(0.78±0.08) mmol/L及(0.35±0.07) mmol/L),P均＜0.01],而高密度脂蛋白低于正常饮食组[(0.56±0.06) mmol/L与(1.09±0.08) mmol/L,P＜0.05];低热量饮食组甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白及高密度脂蛋白分别为[(0.47±0.06) mmol/L、(0.21±0.06) mmol/L及(0.42±0.05) mmol/L],均低于正常饮食组(P均＜0.05).营养不良组(高脂高热量饮食组和低热量饮食组)孕鼠均出现了糖耐量受损,口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验异常;高脂高热量饮食组鼠妊娠晚期空腹血糖高于正常饮食组[(6.63±0.53) mmol/L与(4.90±0.26) mmol/L,P＜0.05],低热量饮食组空腹血糖为(4.18±0.26) mmol/L,与正常饮食组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3组孕鼠妊娠晚期空腹血清胰岛素水平比较,差异均无统计学意义.高脂高热量饮食组子代平均出生体重高于正常饮食组[(6.14±0.31)g与(5.73±0.26)g,P＜0.05],仔鼠巨大儿发生率高于正常饮食组[19.20％(19/99)与7.84％(8/102),P＜0.05];低热量饮食组子代平均出生体重为(4.54±0.23)g,低于正常饮食组(P＜0.05),仔鼠巨大儿发生率为13.40％(11/76),高于正常饮食组(P＜0.05);低体重儿发生率高于正常饮食组[15.90％(13/76)与3.92％(4/102),P＜0.05];仔鼠总数量少于正常饮食组(76只与102只)(P＜0.05),高脂高热量饮食组仔鼠总数量为99只,少于正常饮食组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 妊娠期营养不良可引起大鼠妊娠期脂质代谢异常、糖耐量受损和胰岛素抵抗,同时也对子代出生体重,包括仔鼠巨大儿及低体重儿的发生率产生不良影响.