Prostaglandin synthesis by isolated rat renal glomeruli.

The PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha contents of the incubation medium of glomeruli isolated from rat kidney were measured at different times with or without addition of arachidonic acid. These prostaglandins accumulated progressively with time and reached equilibrium after 60--120 min incubation. Synthesis of the 3 prostaglandins was inhibited when indomethacin was added whereas it was markedly enhanced, mainly for PGE2, at increasing doses of arachidonic acid. Plateaus were reached above 5 micrograms/ml and concentrations corresponding to 50% of the maximum values were 2 micrograms/ml for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and 0.8 microgram/ml for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. There were strictly linear relationships between PGE2 or PGF2 alpha productions and the concentration of glomerular protein. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha synthesis with or without arachidonic acid were maximum at 30--37 degrees C. PGE2 glomerular content was almost undetectable initially and increased with time. These data demonstrate that PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGI2, in order of decreasing abundance, are synthesized by the glomerular cells and suggest that PGE2 and PGI2-sensitive glomerular adenylate cyclase activities and PGE2-sensitive renin synthesis may be stimulated by prostaglandins formed in the glomeruli themselves.     

Effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on renal morphology in experimental diabetes. I. Blood glucose levels, body size, kidney weight and glomerulotubular morphometry

Observations have been made over a period of 16 weeks on three groups of rats: controls, untreated streptozotocin-diabetics and diabetics treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Good control of circadian and diurnal blood glucose levels was achieved in the insulin-treated diabetics. Body weights and tibial lengths were reduced in untreated diabetics and improved, but not normalized, by insulin therapy. Kidney weights were similar in all groups. Glomerular size and number, tubule volume, glomerular basement membrane volume and surface area were essentially the same in all groups. However, the untreated diabetics possessed tubules of larger diameter and shorter length than those in controls. Both variables were preserved at normal values by insulin infusion therapy. These results illustrate the value of early blood glucose control for preventing at least some of the structural alterations associated with experimental diabetic nephropathy.     

Misrouted olfactory fibres and ectopic olfactory glomeruli in normal humans and in Parkinson and Alzheimer patients

The presence and distribution of misrouted (MR) olfactory projection fibres were studied in the olfactory bulbs of control human brains and in the brains of people who had suffered from Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. It appeared that MR fibres, that is, fibres that terminate deep into the glomerular layer, are a common phenomenon in the bulbs of aged people. In all but one of the bulbs studied, MR fibres are present. The amount of MR fibres is not related to age. With a few exceptions, the MR fibres are restricted to the external plexiform layer (EPL). Only in Parkinson bulbs the MR fibres occasionally form glomerulus-like structures. These pseudo glomeruli are located in the EPL. It is concluded that MR olfactory projection fibres are a normal phenomenon in the human olfactory bulb. In nonhuman mammalians, MR fibres have only been observed in foetal and neonatal olfactory bulbs. Possibly, the age-related loss of mitral cells, which are the natural synaptic targets for the olfactory projection fibres, may play a role in the aberrant behaviour of the MR olfactory receptor cell axons. The ectopic glomerulus-like structures in Parkinson bulbs share some characteristics with normal rat glomeruli that are not observed in normal human olfactory glomeruli. This may refer to possible changes in the genetic content of olfactory structures in Parkinson patients.     

Anatomic mapping of neuronal odor responses in the developing rat olfactory bulb

Behavioral evidence indicates that altricial mammals possess olfactory function at early developmental ages, before the olfactory bulb has matured anatomically. We monitored the early anatomic and functional development of the olfactory bulb in rat pups stimulated with odors using in situ localization of c-fos mRNA to identify responsive postsynaptic neurons. Odor-specific spatial patterns of neuronal activation in the glomerular layer were evident from birth, were sharply defined rather than diffuse, and remained relatively unchanged in terms of their bulbar distribution during the first 3 postnatal weeks. In neonates, focal postsynaptic responses in the glomerular layer occurred in the form of clusters of activated tufted neurons. Broad zones of activated mitral cells were located beneath these cell clusters, with scattered neurons in the underlying granule cell layer also expressing c-fos. The cellular composition of these functional neuronal groups shifted from predominantly output neurons at the earliest ages, to increasing incorporation of interneurons as they developed postnatally. The characteristic distribution of activated neurons in the mature glomerular layer, in which the boundaries of individual glomeruli are precisely defined by cells expressing c-fos, emerged near the end of the first week. Broad zones of cRNA hybridization in the mitral cell layer became increasingly restricted as the size of the activated granule cell population increased postnatally, correlating with the functional maturation of inhibitory circuitry. These results provide evidence that the types and distributions of neurons collectively activated by sensory input to glomeruli change as the rat olfactory bulb matures and that distinct, functional odor maps in the glomerular layer are established from birth.     

How to escape from haller's rule: Olfactory system complexity in small and large Trichogramma evanescens parasitic wasps

While Haller's rule states that small animals have relatively larger brains, minute Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitic wasps scale brain size linearly with body size. This linear brain scaling allows them to decrease brain size beyond the predictions of Haller's rule, and is facilitated by phenotypic plasticity in brain size. In the present study we addressed whether this plasticity resulted in adaptations to the complexity of the morphology of the olfactory system of small and large T. evanescens. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy to compare size and number of glomeruli in the antennal lobe in the brain, and scanning electron microscopy to compare length and number of olfactory sensilla on the antennae. The results show a similar level of complexity of the olfactory system morphology of small and large wasps. Wasps with a similar genotype but very different brain and body size have similarly sized olfactory sensilla and most of them occur in equal numbers on the antennae. Small and large wasps also have a similar number of glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Glomeruli in small brains are, however, smaller in both absolute and relative volume. These similarities between small and large wasps may indicate that plasticity in brain size does not require plasticity in the gross morphology of the olfactory system. It may be vital for wasps of all sizes to have a large number of olfactory receptor types, to maintain olfactory precision in their search for suitable hosts, and consequently maintain their reproductive success and Darwinian fitness. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1876–1891, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Troglitazone对高糖和LPS诱导的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达的抑制作用

目的：研究PPAR-γ激动剂troglitazone对LPS或高浓度葡萄糖作用的体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达水平的影响。方法：用LPS或高浓度葡萄糖分别与不同浓度troglitazone作用体外培养的人肾小球,ELISA法检测上清液中mPGEs浓度。结果：LPS(10 μg/ml) 或5%葡萄糖均可使体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs明显增高。10～20 nmol/L的troglitazone可明显抑制LPS(10 μg/ml)和5%葡萄糖诱导的大鼠系膜细胞mPGEs蛋白表达水平的增高(P<0.05)。结论：LPS和5%葡萄糖可诱导体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达水平明显增高,PPAR-γ激动剂troglitazone可明显抑制两者所诱导的体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达水平的增高。     

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??Proteinuria is the most common manifestations of pediatric renal diseases. During the development and process of proteinuria??podocytes have played a very important role. A growing number of podocyte-related molecules have been confirmed to be associated with the molecular mechanisms of proteinuria. However??there are few studies focusing on the role of podocyte-related molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of proteinuria. Due to the lack of real transformation from bench to bed situation??the present paper will discuss the role of podocyte in the monitoring and treatment of proteinuria based on the podocytes’ role in mechanisms of proteinuria.     

实验性急性肾衰与肾小球播散性血管内凝血关系的探讨

自耳缘静脉注射ＨｇＣｌ２，（２．５ｍｇ／ｇ）制作家兔急性肾衰（ＡＲＦ）动物模型，观察肾脏形态变化，结果显示：肾小球ＤＩＣ与ＡＲＦ有密切关系，经预防ＤＩＣ能够提高ＡＲＦ的防治效果。     

Long hydrocarbon chains serve as unique molecular features recognized by ventral glomeruli of the rat olfactory bulb

In an effort to understand mammalian olfactory processing, we have been describing the responses to systematically different odorants in the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb of rats. To understand the processing of pure hydrocarbon structures in this system, we used the [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose method to determine glomerular responses to a homologous series of alkanes (from six to 16 carbons) that are straight-chained hydrocarbons without functional groups. We found two rostral regions of activity evoked by these odorants, one lateral and one medial, that were observed to shift ventrally with increasing alkane carbon chain length. Furthermore, we successfully predicted that the longest alkanes with carbon chain length greater than our previous odorant selections would stimulate extremely ventral glomerular regions where no activation had been observed with the hundreds of odorants that we had previously studied. Overlaps in response profiles were observed in the patterns evoked by alkanes and by other aliphatic odorants of corresponding carbon chain length despite possessing different oxygen-containing functional groups, which demonstrated that hydrocarbon chains could serve as molecular features in the combinatorial coding of odorant information. We found a close and predictable relationship among the molecular properties of odorants, their induced neural activity, and their perceptual similarities.