丁香等中草药有效成分的提取方法和抗菌活性关系的研究

目的探讨8种中药材有效成分的不同提取方法与抗菌活性的关系。方法分别用水煮法、醇提法和超声法提取8种中药材的有效成分，采用试管连续稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度，探讨不同提取方法的优劣。结果除蜂房外，7种中草药的醇提取物对大肠埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果很明显，丁香的醇提物对铜绿假单胞菌抑制效果最佳，各提取液对白色念球菌抑制效果普遍不明显。除蜂房及穿心莲外的其它6种中草药醇提液的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）均显著低于其他提取方法。就抑菌效果和相对稳定性来说，丁香最为明显。结论用不同方法提取中草药有效成分的抑菌效果比较发现，醇提法最优，其次为超声波提取法，水提法最差。     

长期大量饮酒对大鼠阴茎组织胆碱乙酰转移酶的影响

目的 探讨长期大量饮酒对大鼠阴茎组织胆碱乙酰转移酶的影响.方法 将30只雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、20%酒精剂量组和40%酒精剂量组.分别以生理盐水、20%和40%食用酒精各2mL给大鼠灌胃,每日1次.3个月后,观察各组大鼠性行为和药物诱发阴茎勃起的变化;用化学发光法测定各组大鼠血清睾酮的含量;用免疫组化法测定阴茎平滑肌中胆碱乙酰转移酶(CAT)的含量.结果 与对照组相比,20%酒精剂量组大鼠药物诱发阴茎勃起实验没有受到酒精影响(P＜0.05),但除射精潜伏期外,酒精抑制了该组大鼠的性行为(P＜0.05),而40%酒精剂量组大鼠的性行为表现和药物诱发阴茎勃起实验均受到抑制(P＜0.05).实验组大鼠血清睾酮含量减少(P＜0.05),40%酒精剂量组大鼠阴茎组织中CAT活性也降低(P＜0.05).结论 大鼠长期大量饮酒后性功能障碍,其机制与血浆睾酮含量降低,阴茎组织中胆碱乙酰转移酶活性降低有关.     

云母颗粒对无水乙醇诱导大鼠胃黏膜损伤的影响及机理探讨

[目的]研究云母颗粒对无水乙醇诱导大鼠胃黏膜损伤的保护作用及其机理。[方法]将48只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为云母颗粒高、中、低剂量组,思密达组,模型对照组,空白对照组6组。分别将云母颗粒和思密达预先灌胃于相应各组大鼠,3h后以1ml／100g无水乙醇灌胃致胃黏膜损伤,45min后下腔静脉取适量血,处死取胃,然后分别检测各组的胃黏膜损伤指数、血清和胃黏膜组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量,并观察病理学变化,以评价胃黏膜损伤程度及药物的作用。[结果]云母各剂量组中SOD、GSH-Px含量均显著高于模型对照组,而MDA含量则明显低于模型对照组（P〈0．05）。[结论]云母颗粒对无水乙醇诱导的大鼠胃黏膜损伤具有预防与保护作用,其保护作用是通过增加大鼠血清和胃黏膜组织中SOD、GSH-Px含量并减少MDA的生成来实现的,即云母颗粒具有抗脂质过氧化作用。     

Comparative evaluation of two different Artemisia dracunculus L. cultivars for blood sugar lowering effects in rats

Recent concerns about the potential carcinogenicity of estragole and methyleugenol led a number of regulatory bodies to call for restrictions on the use of herbs that contain these constituents. A number of medicinal plants produce essential oils that contain estragole and methyleugenol, including Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon). Previous studies have proven the antidiabetic properties of tarragon. In order to address the safety concerns of estragole containing tarragon extracts, an extraction procedure was developed to minimize the estragole and methyleugenol content in tarragon extracts and the ethanol versus aqueous extracts from two Artemisia dracunculus cultivars (French and Russian tarragon) were tested for blood glucose lowering effects in rats. It could be demonstrated that aqueous extracts of both Artemisia cultivars did not contain detectable amounts of estragole and methyleugenol, whereas ethanol extracts (60% v/v) of the French cultivar contained higher levels of the aforementioned compounds than those of the Russian cultivar. Further testing revealed that Russian tarragon lowered blood glucose levels in rats after glucose challenge, with the ethanol extract being as active as the aqueous extract. The results suggest that by using adequate production procedures the amount of potentially harmful compounds in extracts can be limited without affecting the overall pharmacological activities of these preparations.     

复方钩藤片醇提工艺优选

目的:优选复方钩藤片的醇提工艺.方法:以浸膏得率、钩藤碱为评价指标,HPLC测定钩藤碱含量,单因素试验考察乙醇体积分数;选取加醇量、提取时间及浸泡时间为考察因素,采用正交试验法优选乙醇提取工艺.结果:最佳醇提工艺为以80％乙醇为溶剂,浸泡0.5h,加热回流2次,分别加6,4倍量80％乙醇提取2.0,1.5 h.结论:优选的提取工艺稳定可行,适用于工业大生产.     

Effects of Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Schizandraceae) on lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation in mice

Aim of the study

This study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective and anti-aging activity of extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans from the roots and leaves of Damnacanthus officinarum Huang to provide the pharmacological basis in traditional medicine.

Materials and methods

Investigations on the neuroprotective and lifespan activity were carried out, which were observed by utilizing the following models: observing the worms’ chemosensory behavior test based on the aversion index in the assay plate, neuroprotective activity of nematode by evaluating the ASH neuron survival and lifespan test in C. elegans.

Results

It has been shown that the ethanol, n-butanol and aqueous extracts in the roots possessed significantly neuroprotective effect both in chemosensory behavior test and ASH neuron survival model. The same extracts in the leaves showed similar activities in two models, but have less potency revealing by the data. Four candidate extracts, possessing excellent neuroprotective activity, extend lifespan in C. elegans. The n-butanol extracts in the root part showed best efficacy among them.

Conclusion

The results show the n-butanol and aqueous extracts are the major pharmacological plant extracts. Moreover, the neuroprotective and lifespan-extension activity effects of root extracts are superior to leave extracts, supporting the traditional application of above-ground parts of DOH in treating various diseases associated with brain disorders and anti-aging.     

Ethnopharmacological study of plants from Pondoland used against diarrhoea

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea are common world wide, including in Bizana, South Africa where the majority of rural dwellers depend largely on water from unprotected sources. The people from Bizana use medicinal plants as their first line of health care to cure and prevent diarrhoea.

Aim of the study

To record and document plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Bizana, to evaluate antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of selected plant extracts as well as to perform genotoxicity testing of evaluated plants.

Materials and methods

An ethnobotanical approach was used to select plants used for treating diarrhoea in Bizana for pharmacological assays using questionnaires. Nine plants were selected for bioassays based on their frequency index and the fact that they have never been evaluated against diarrhoea causing-microorganisms. The petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), 70% ethanol (EtOH), and water extracts were evaluated for antibacterial (Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri) activity using the microdilution technique, their ability to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Genotoxicity was evaluated using the Salmonella microsome assay.

Results

This study revealed that 34 plant species belonging to 27 families are used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Bizana. The extracts showed good inhibitory activity with MIC values ranging from 0.39 to 12.5 mg/ml. The best activity was exhibited by DCM extracts of Rapanea melanophloeos, and EtOH extracts of Ficus craterostoma and Maesa lanceolata with MIC values of 0.098 mg/ml. The inhibitory activity against COX-1 enzyme was higher than COX-2, with 19 plant extracts for the former and 7 for the latter. All the tested plant extracts were not mutagenic at all concentrations tested against all tester strains of bacteria.

Conclusion

In view of the fact that the plants were selected based on their ethnobotanical usage for treating diarrhoea, the activities reported here goes a long way in validating the plants for traditional use.     

射频消融治疗与经皮无水酒精注射对小肝癌治疗疗效比较的系统评价

目的 评价射频消融治疗是否比经皮无水酒精注射治疗小肝癌具有更好的疗效。方法 计算机检索MEDLINE（1966—2005年）、EMBASE（1989—2005年）、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验资料库（2005年第1期）、互联网上注册临床试验数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库（1980—2005年）,文献语种不限。纳入比较射频消融治疗和经皮无水酒精注射治疗小肝癌的随机对照试验,对纳入研究的方法学及质量进行评价,并应用RevMan4．2软件进行统计分析。结果共纳入4个随机对照试验。Meta分析结果表明,射频消融治疗较经皮无水酒精注射能提高对〉2cm小肝癌的3年生存率、1年和3年无瘤生存率并减少1年和3年局部复发率;而对直径≤2cm的小肝癌,射频消融治疗与经皮无水酒精注射治疗效果相似,无显著差异。结论射频消融治疗小肝癌的总体疗效优于经皮无水酒精注射治疗,尤其对于肿瘤直径〉2cm的小肝癌;且两种方法副作用均小,安全可靠。上述结论对于指导临床治疗小肝癌的方法选择具有很好的意义。     

基于“成分-靶点-通路”的枸杞子调控年龄相关性黄斑变性作用机制研究

目的采用网络药理学方法探讨枸杞子改善年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)的活性成分及作用机制。方法以检索TCMSP数据库和查阅文献获得的枸杞子潜在活性成分为研究对象,通过Swiss Target Prediction平台、GeneCards数据库、OMIM数据库、DDT数据库和Drugbank数据库预测活性成分的潜在靶点;应用Metascape平台对潜在靶点进行基因本体(gene ontology,GO)功能富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析;运用String数据库和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络和"药物-成分-靶点-通路-疾病"网络;考察枸杞子不同提取部位对碘酸钠诱导的人视网膜色素上皮细胞ARPE-19活力的影响,以及对脂多糖诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞系BV2中炎症因子表达的影响。结果枸杞子中的88个活性成分通过调控血管内皮生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGFA)、白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)等靶点,参与氧化应激、炎症反应等生物学过程,影响晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGE)-晚期糖基化终末产物受体(receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE)、IL-17、TNF等信号通路发挥改善AMD的作用。枸杞子95%乙醇提取部位能够显著提高碘酸钠诱导的ARPE-19细胞活力(P<0.001),并显著降低脂多糖诱导的BV2细胞中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA表达水平(P<0.05、0.01、0.001)。结论枸杞子中多种成分具有影响AMD相关靶点的潜在作用,枸杞子能够通过改善氧化损伤、抑制炎症反应治疗AMD,为后续深入研究枸杞子中不同活性成分调节AMD的作用机制提供依据。     

Cardiac electrophysiological actions and interactions of ethanol, cocaine, and the metabolite ethylcocaine

The influence of ethanol on the actions of cocaine and ethylcocaine on rat sinoatrial preparations was studied. Ethanol did not modify the depressant effect of cocaine or ethylcocaine on sinoatrial rate (SR) in preparations with spontaneous activity. Cocaine produced sinoatrial block only in the presence of ethanol, and the latter accentuated the sinoatrial block produced by ethylcocaine. Ethanol did not modify the depressant effect of cocaine or ethylcocaine on membrane potentials of atrial fibers in preparations driven at a constant rate. In conclusion, ethanol, in a concentration that did not by itself affect SR or produce sinoatrial block, accentuated the effects of cocaine and ethylcocaine on sinoatrial conduction, without modifying the effects on SR. It is proposed that the accentuation of the block was the consequence of the combination of a depressant action on the fast sodium system and a deterioration of the cell-to-cell coupling.