全文获取类型
收费全文 | 180513篇 |
免费 | 14298篇 |
国内免费 | 7699篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 1102篇 |
儿科学 | 4947篇 |
妇产科学 | 3795篇 |
基础医学 | 24642篇 |
口腔科学 | 3766篇 |
临床医学 | 14486篇 |
内科学 | 27847篇 |
皮肤病学 | 3293篇 |
神经病学 | 18553篇 |
特种医学 | 3000篇 |
外国民族医学 | 47篇 |
外科学 | 13583篇 |
综合类 | 25691篇 |
现状与发展 | 25篇 |
预防医学 | 11964篇 |
眼科学 | 3743篇 |
药学 | 22792篇 |
41篇 | |
中国医学 | 5405篇 |
肿瘤学 | 13788篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 425篇 |
2023年 | 2184篇 |
2022年 | 4470篇 |
2021年 | 5956篇 |
2020年 | 5208篇 |
2019年 | 4942篇 |
2018年 | 4938篇 |
2017年 | 5440篇 |
2016年 | 5759篇 |
2015年 | 6160篇 |
2014年 | 10352篇 |
2013年 | 12698篇 |
2012年 | 10491篇 |
2011年 | 11842篇 |
2010年 | 9948篇 |
2009年 | 9745篇 |
2008年 | 10248篇 |
2007年 | 10028篇 |
2006年 | 8908篇 |
2005年 | 7927篇 |
2004年 | 6892篇 |
2003年 | 6142篇 |
2002年 | 5087篇 |
2001年 | 4425篇 |
2000年 | 3909篇 |
1999年 | 3347篇 |
1998年 | 3215篇 |
1997年 | 2913篇 |
1996年 | 2674篇 |
1995年 | 2289篇 |
1994年 | 1978篇 |
1993年 | 1697篇 |
1992年 | 1398篇 |
1991年 | 1216篇 |
1990年 | 1042篇 |
1989年 | 842篇 |
1988年 | 682篇 |
1987年 | 612篇 |
1986年 | 585篇 |
1985年 | 770篇 |
1984年 | 629篇 |
1983年 | 406篇 |
1982年 | 550篇 |
1981年 | 384篇 |
1980年 | 313篇 |
1979年 | 200篇 |
1978年 | 157篇 |
1977年 | 125篇 |
1976年 | 111篇 |
1975年 | 85篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Sinusoids are found not only in the normal liver but also in certain liver tumours, including hepatoblastoma, the most common malignant liver tumour in childhood. In this study, sinusoids in 12 hepatoblastomas, of various subtypes, and in normal liver were investigated with UEA-1 and antibodies against von Willebrand's factor, CD31 and CD34 to detect differences of possible diagnostic significance. In the normal liver, staining of sinusoids was seen with all these markers, but it was focal and confined to a few sinusoids near the portal tracts. In hepatoblastoma, the endothelial markers reacted with the sinusoids to varying extents. UEA-1 and anti-CD34 usually stained the majority of these vessels, anti-CD34 staining greater numbers of sinusoids and with greater intensity. Immunostaining revealed that both number and spatial organization of sinusoids in hepatoblastoma are dependent on the subtype. In addition to staining of endothelium, one of the two small cell hepatoblastomas exhibited strong immunoreactivity of the tumour cells for CD34. These findings show that the marked difference in sinusoidal immunoreactivity for CD34 between normal liver and hepatoblastoma could be useful for discriminating between non-neoplastic liver tissue and highly differentiated fetal hepatoblastoma. Our findings also show that small cell hepatoblastoma, in addition to acute leukaemia, should be considered when immunoreactivity for CD34 is found in small round and blue cell tumours in childhood. 相似文献
92.
P. J. Foreman G. Taglialatela L. Angelucci C. P. Turner J. R. Perez-Polo 《Journal of neuroscience research》1993,36(1):10-18
The synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the hippocampus raises the possibility that NGF may play a role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). Subchronic cold stress has been shown to activate the HPAA in a mild noninvasive manner, to stimulate serum glucocorticoid levels, and to perturb NGF binding in hippocampus and basal forebrain. One or repeated episodes of cold stress increased NGF mRNA levels in the hippocampus and p75NGFR mRNA levels in the basal forebrain. These changes were not due to elevated serum glucocorticoid levels since treatment with exogenous corticosterone had no effect on NGF and p75NGFR mRNA levels. Adrenalectomy did not prevent the stress induced increases in NGF and p75NGFR mRNA. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
93.
Dr. S. Eggstein MD G. Manthey MT T. Hirsch PhD F. Baas MA B. U. V. Specht MD E. H. Farthmann MD 《Digestive diseases and sciences》1996,41(6):1069-1075
Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) andras mutations are known to play a significant role in controlling cell growth and tumor promotion. Both of them transmit mitogenic signals to the nucleus by activation of Raf-1 kinase. In this study, the expression of EGFR and mutant Ras proteins, and, for the first time, the expression, phosphorylation and kinase activity of Raf-1 kinase have been determined in paired samples of colorectal cancer and mucosa. The tumor and mucosa samples did not differ significantly with regard to Raf-1 kinase content and activity. A major difference between tumors and mucosa was found, however, in the phosphorylation of Raf-1. Most of the mucosa samples (13/20), but only 1/20 of the cancer samples, contained hyperphosphorylated Raf-1. EGFR were significantly (p=0.0025) decreased in the tumors. The decreased phosphorylation of Raf-1 in colonic carcinomas could be the result of activation of Raf-1 phosphatases or inactivation of kinases phosphorylating Raf-1. New forms of treatment based on EGFR overexpression do not seem to be suitable for the majority of colonic cancers.This work was supported by the state of Baden-Württemberg (Verbundforschungsprojekt: Aufklärung von Mechanismen der Tumorentstehung und Tumorabwehr). 相似文献
94.
95.
重症肌无力中枢神经系统受损模型 总被引:26,自引:2,他引:24
目的近年研究结果表明,重症肌无力(MG)病变部位并不仅仅局限于神经肌接头(NMJ)处突触后膜烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR),烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChR-ab)病理作用可能波及到中枢神经系统(CNS)。因此,有必要建立模拟MG患者CNS损害的动物模型,研究MG患者脑脊液中存在的AChR-ab引起CNS损害的机制。方法从MG患者血中提取的AChR-ab经侧脑室穿刺注入到大鼠脑室系统,然后观察其症状和体征,以及用脑干听觉诱发电位仪(BAEP)检测鼠脑干听觉传导中枢功能。用免疫组化法(ABC)研究AChR-ab与CNS神经-nAChR之间免疫结合反应及其分布。结果大鼠除了出现脑干听觉传导中枢功能障碍外,还出现类似于MG动物模型表现的症状。免疫组化研究结果显示,神经-nAChR样阳性免疫反应广泛分布于CNS许多部位。结论脑室内注入的AChR-ab与神经-AChR结合引起CNS功能障碍和出现MG动物模型样症状。我们首次建立的中枢受损的MG模型将有助于阐明AChR-ab引起中枢受损和CNS下位运动神经元引起横纹肌收缩无力的机制。 相似文献
96.
Kevin G Becker Insong J Lee James W Nagle Rachel D Canning Ameer M Gado Rosarelis Torres Mihael H Polymeropoulos Paul T Massa WilliamE Biddison Paul D Drew 《International journal of developmental neuroscience》1997,15(7):73
We describe a novel human zinc finger cNDA, C2H2-171. This cDNA represents an mRNA which encodes a protein of 484 amino acids and a calculated molecular weight of 54 kD. Four zinc finger-like domains are found in the C-terminal end of the protein. At the N-terminus, C2H2-171 contains a POZ/tramtrack-like domain similar to that found in the tumor associated zinc finger proteins LAZ-3/BCL-6 and PLZ-F, as well as in non-zinc finger proteins. C2H2-171 RNA is preferentially expressed in the brain, and increases during the course of murine development, with maximal expression in the adult. C2H2-171 RNA is differentially expressed in brain regions, with the highest level of expression in the cerebellum. C2H2-171 RNA was expressed at high levels in primary cerebellar granule cell neurons compared to astrocytes. The gene encoding C2H2-171 is highly conserved in vertebrates, and maps to the terminus of human chromosome 1 (1q44-ter). This chromosomal location is associated with a number of cytogenetic aberrations including those involving brain developmental anomalies and tumorigenesis. These data suggest that C2H2-171 may play an important role in vertebrate brain development and function. 相似文献
97.
The electrodeposition of Ag on Pt(100)-(1 × 1) in perchlorate electrolyte was studied by means of time-resolved in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and cyclic voltammetry. One monolayer of Ag is deposited underpotentially (upd) ca. 500 mV positive of the Ag+/Ag equilibrium potential. Several millivolts positive of the equilibrium potential, a second well defined upd layer forms. Its growth was observed to proceed via island formation and coalescence. This process occurs in two separate stages that manifest themselves in voltammetric peaks as well as in the STM images. 相似文献
98.
KARL-ANTON KREUZER JU¨RGEN KURT ROCKSTROH WOLFGANG JELKMANN ALBERT THEISEN ULRICH SPENGLER & TILMANN SAUERBRUCH 《British journal of haematology》1997,96(2):235-239
Severe anaemia is a frequent complication in advanced HIV infection. In our study we investigated the interaction between cytokine network, HIV infection and erythropoietin (Epo) response with increasing anaemia levels. No correlations could be established between circulating tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and any of the examined parameters. However, a negative correlation was found between haemoglobin values and soluble TNF receptor levels (sTNF-R-I: r = −0.54; P < 0.001; sTNF-R II: r = −0.47; P < 0.001) as well as interleukin-6 levels ( r = −0.29; P < 0.001). In contrast, no significant increase in log[Epo], counterbalancing haemoglobin decline and paralleling the rise in sTNF receptors, was found. In patients classified as stage III, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classification, the erythropoietin response was significantly more impaired than in patients from CDC groups I and II ( P < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that similar to its action in vitro , activation of the TNF/TNF-R system may impair erythropoietin production in HIV-associated anaemia. Due to the brief half-life of TNF-α, this activation is particularly reflected by elevations of soluble TNF receptor levels. 相似文献
99.
Mice homozygous for the lpr mutation have B and T cell defects and develop autoantibodies, suggesting that lpr plays a role in their genesis. The lpr defect has been identified as a mutation in the apoptosis-associated Fas receptor (FasR) gene. To begin to define the role of FasR in B cells, we have surveyed FasR expression on B-lineage cells from early progenitors in the bone marrow through their maturation in the periphery. Contrary to some reports, we found that FasR is expressed on B cells at all stages of their development and is highest on germinal center B cells. FasR is not expressed on lpr/lpr-derived cells. These data are consistent with the idea that lpr/lpr mice have an intrinsic B cell defect that may be manifested in developing as well as peripheral B cells. An unexpected finding is that B-1 (CD5) B cells do not constitutively express FasR: FasR becomes detectable on B-1 B cells only after activation. 相似文献
100.
The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to accelerate recovery from severe neutropenia and to decrease the incidence of documented infections after intensive chemotherapy in cancer patients. However, the routine prophylactic use of G-CSF is expensive. This study was conducted to determine the role of G-CSF as adjunct therapy for septicemia following neutropenia caused by chemotherapy in children with acute leukemia. Fifty consecutive episodes of septicemia were studied involving 34 episodes of Gram-negative, 7 episodes of Gram-positive, 5 episodes of polymicrobial bacterial septicemia, one episode of fungemia, and 3 episodes of disseminated fungal infection. In the first 25 episodes, G-CSF was not used (group A). For the next 16 episodes, G-CSF 200 μg per square meter per day subcutaneously was given immediately after the septicemia was documented until the absolute neutrophil count was maintained at more than 1,500 per cubic millimeter (group B). Thereafter, G-CSF at the same dose as that of group B was prophylactically used in all the children who received high-dose cytosine arablnc-side-containing regimens. Nine episodes of septicemia occurred (group C). The incidences of mortality per episode of septicemia in groups A, B, and C were 12.0% (3/25), 12.5% (2/16) and 0% (0/9), respectively. Statistically, there was no difference between the three groups overall and in pair-wise comparisons (all P > 0.5). The durations of G-CSF administration in group B ranged from 6 to 26 days with a median of 12 days and the durations of G-CSF administration in group C ranged from 10 to 23 days with a median of 19 days. With or without G-CSF, there may be no significant difference in the mortality of septicemia following neutropenia caused by chemotherapy in children with acute leukemia. 相似文献