Enterovirus D68 detection in respiratory specimens: Association with severe disease

Molecular techniques increased the number of documented respiratory infections. In a substantial number of cases the causative agent remains undetected. Since August 2014, an increase in Enterovirus(EV)‐D68 infections was reported. We aimed to investigate epidemiology and clinical relevance of EV‐D68. From June to December 2014 and from September to December 2015, 803 and 847 respiratory specimens, respectively, were tested for respiratory viruses with a multiplex RT‐PCR. This multiplex RT‐PCR does not detect EV‐D68. Therefore, 457 (2014) and 343 (2015) specimens with negative results were submitted to an EV‐specific‐RT‐PCR. EV‐positive specimens were tested with an EV‐D68‐specific‐RT‐PCR and genotyped. Eleven specimens of 2014 tested positive in the EV‐specific‐RT‐PCR and of these seven were positive in the EV‐D68‐specific‐RT‐PCR. Typing confirmed these as EV‐D68. Median age of EV‐D68‐positive patients was 3 years (1 month‐91 years). Common symptoms included fever (n = 6, 86%), respiratory distress (n = 5, 71%), and cough (n = 4, 57%). All EV‐D68‐positive patients were admitted to hospital, 4 (57%) were admitted to intensive care units and 6 (86%) received oxygen. One patient suffered from acute flaccid paralysis. Seven specimens of 2015 were positive in the EV‐specific‐RT‐PCR but negative in the EV‐D68‐specific‐RT‐PCR. In conclusion, use of an EV‐specific‐RT‐PCR allowed us to detect EV‐D68 circulation in autumn 2014 that was not detected by the multiplex RT‐PCR and was associated with severe disease.

     

Enterovirus spectrum from the active surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease patients under the clinical trial of inactivated Enterovirus A71 vaccine in Jiangsu,China, 2012‐2013

Epidemiological data from active surveillance on human enterovirus, which could cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, were limited. An active surveillance system was used to investigate the enterovirus spectrum and the incidence of different enteroviruses in infants aged 6–35 months in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2013. Fifty‐nine infants were randomly selected from 522 non‐EV‐A71/CV‐A16 HFMD patients. We collected 173 throat swabs and 174 rectal swabs from these infants. RT‐PCR was used to amplify 5'‐UTR and VP1 regions of enteroviruses and the serotypes were determined by the sequence comparison using BLAST. Twenty‐one non‐EV‐A71/CA16 enterovirus serotypes were detected in those infants. E16, E18 were firstly reported in HFMD patients. The four top common non‐EV‐A71/CV‐A enteroviruses among infants were CV‐B3, CV‐A10, CV‐A6, and E9 with the HFMD incidence rates at 1.4%, 0.84%, 0.56%, and 0.47%, respectively. Over 20.8% patients were co‐infected with multiple enteroviruses. Neither the course of sickness nor clinical symptoms of the co‐infected patients was more severe than those infected with single enterovirus. Two patients were infected different enterovirus successively within 2 months. Several new enterovirus serotypes and multiple models of infection associated with HFMD were discovered through the active surveillance system. These data provide a better understanding of the viral etiology of HFMD. J. Med. Virol. 87:2009–2017, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

     

Coxsackievirus A21, enterovirus 68, and acute respiratory tract infection, China

During August 2006-April 2010, in Beijing, China, 2 rare human enterovirus serotypes, coxsackievirus A21 and enterovirus 68, were detected most frequently in human enterovirus-positive adults with acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, during some years, these 2 viruses cause a substantial proportion of enterovirus-associated adult acute respiratory tract infections.     

2009-2010年呼和浩特市手足口病合并急性迟缓性瘫痪4例临床分析

目的探讨内蒙古第四医院2009-2010年收治的4例手足口病（HFMD）合并急性迟缓性瘫痪（AFP）的临床特点。方法回顾性分析4例手足口病合并AFP患者的流行病学及临床资料,并对患者瘫痪肢体功能恢复情况进行了4周的随访。结果本组病例中3例儿童,平均年龄（30.33±11.37）月;1例成人。患者在发热后（2.50±0.50）d出现急性迟缓性瘫痪表现,在2～3d内发展至高峰。4例均表现为脊髓灰质炎样麻痹。单侧上肢瘫痪2例,单侧下肢瘫痪2例,肌力为0～Ⅱ级。4例均合并中枢神经受累。随访瘫痪肢体在1周内自远端开始恢复。结论手足口病合并AFP者〈3岁儿童多见,成人极少;瘫痪发生在手足口病的初起阶段,在瘫痪发生后2～3d内发展到顶峰;多数患者以单侧肢体瘫痪为主,单纯下肢瘫痪者比单纯上肢瘫痪者恢复快;儿童比成人恢复快;多合并脑炎、脑膜炎等神经系统损害。早期针对AFP的治疗措施有助于功能康复。     

2009—2011年上海市宝山区手足口病病原学研究

[目的]探讨2009—2011年上海市宝山区手足口病病原学特征及诊断意义。[方法]2009年3月—2011年12月连续采集手足口病临床诊断病例的咽拭子、大便样本或肛拭子和疱疹液进行肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(coxsackievirus A16,CoxA16)和其他肠道病毒核酸检测。[结果]2009—2011年肠道病毒的总检出率分别为59.00%、72.44%和79.00%,重症(死亡)病例中EV71型肠道病毒的阳性检出率为90.91%,明显高于普通病例(χ2=45.97,P<0.001)和聚集性病例的检出率(χ2=56.85,P<0.001);咽拭子、肛拭子或大便样本、疱疹液、咽漱液标本肠道病毒阳性检出率分别为68.02%、86.67%、71.43%、25.00%;咽拭子标本与肛拭子或大便标本和疱疹液标本检测结果符合率为83.53%和100.00%;发病0~4d肠道病毒核酸检出率为79.73%,5~10d肠道病毒核酸检出率为45.61%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=30.91,P<0.001)。[结论]2009—2011年宝山区手足口病感染的主要病原是EV71型和CoxA16型肠道病毒,肠道病毒的检出率逐年提升,且每年的优势型别有所不同;手足口病重症(死亡)病例的主要病原为EV71型肠道病毒;咽拭子、肛拭子或大便样本、疱疹液都有较高的诊断价值;病后4d内采集标本对手足口病诊断效果较好。     

2010年盐城地区手足口病例肠道病毒型别调查

目的对盐城地区2010年手足口病患儿及其临床重症病例进行病原学调查。方法采集手足口病患儿咽拭子和肛拭子,对其病毒核酸进行肠道病毒检测定型。结果 481例(含重症52例)患儿采集的咽拭、肛拭标本中,共检测出病毒核酸阳性326例,阳性率为67.78%,其中CA16型44例(13.50%)、EV71型179例(54.91%)、未定型103例(31.59%)。52例重症病例中共检测出病毒核酸阳性45例,阳性率为86.54%,其中EV71型32例(71.11%)、未定型13例(28.89%)、CA16型0例。326例病毒核酸阳性患儿中男214例,女112例;45例病毒核酸阳性重症患儿中男33例,女12例。结论盐城地区手足口病患儿检测到的主要病原体是CA16和EV71等,EV71感染率高于CA16感染率,肠道病毒EV71是引起重症病例的主要病原体。     

Enteroviral infection causing fatal myocarditis and subclinical myopathy

Enteroviral RNA detection in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy is rare. Enteroviral particles and RNA have recently been identified in patient's skeletal muscle, suggesting that skeletal more than heart muscle hosts the virus in chronic infection. Enteroviral RNA and virus-like particles were found in the myocardium and in the skeletal muscle of two patients with fatal myocarditis: a 39 year old man who died five days after the onset of febrile flu; and a 49 year old woman, assisted for 50 days with a left ventricular assist device, who then died from cerebral haemorrhage. Automated sequencing, alignment, and sequence comparison confirmed the enteroviral origin of polymerase chain reaction products and excluded contamination. These findings agree with prior observations of enteroviral localisation in the skeletal muscle of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and further support the hypothesis that skeletal rather than heart muscle may host the virus and serve as a reservoir in cardiomyopathies related to chronic infection.


Keywords: enterovirus; myocarditis; viral particles; skeletal muscle     

Enterovirus persistence and myocardial damage detected by 111In-monoclonal antimyosin antibodies in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy in whom enteroviruses inthe myocardium are detected are more likely to die than thosein whom no viruses have been demonstrated. The presence of enterovirusRNA in the myocardium at endomyocardial biopsy has been shownto be the strongest predictor of reduced survival. These resultsraise the question as to whether persistent virus might be responsiblefor continuing myocardial damage. Detection of myocardial cell damage is assessed using ¹¹¹Indium-labelledmonoclonal antimyosin anti-bodies. The present study was undertakento address the question of whether the presence of myocardialcell damage by such antibodies in patients with dilated cardiomyopathycan be correlated with enterovirus persistence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 19 consecutive patients diagnosed as having chronicdilated cardiomyopathy who were referred for evaluation forheart transplantation were studied with ¹¹¹Indium labelled monoclonalantimyosin antibodies. These patients and 10 controls were screenedfor enterovirus RNA sequences in endomyocardial biopsy tissueby hybridization with an enterovirus group-specific cDNA probe. RESULTS: Antimyosin uptake, indicative of myocardial cell damage, wasobserved in 16 of 19 patients (84%) with dilated cardiomyopathy,and enterovirus RNA sequences were detected m endomyocardialbiopsies from four of these 16 patients (25%), but not in myocardiumfrom the remaining three patients with a negative antimyosinscan, nor from any of 10 controls. CONCLUSIONS: Although these data do not establish a causal relationship betweenvirus persistence in the myocardium and myocardial damage, theresults obtained in the preliminary study support the hypothesisthat enterovirus persistence is associated with continuing myocardialdamage in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.     

洛阳市非EV71、非CA16肠道病毒中优势毒株状况分析

目的：了解洛阳市引起手足口病的普通肠道病毒的构成情况,警惕比例较高毒株发展为新的优势毒株,为洛阳市的手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法采用实时荧光PCR（RT‐PCR）对洛阳市手足口病的送检粪便标本进行核酸鉴定,随机选取9例普通肠道病毒阳性,而柯萨奇病毒A16型（CA16）和新肠道病毒71型（EV71）阴性的标本,进行5′UTR测序,确定毒株的亚型。利用CA6的特异性引物,选取75例普通肠道病毒阳性标本（CA16和EV71阴性）,用 RT‐PCR方法鉴定CA6的阳性数量,分析CA6的构成比。结果9个普通肠道病毒5′UTR测序结果进行BLAST初筛,结果显示CA6为5株,在普通的肠道病毒中为优势毒株;75例普通肠道病毒中,共检测出CA620例。CA6在普通肠道病毒中的比例为29．76％（25／84）;25例CA6中,男13例,女12例;引发重症的病例为2例;城市地区5例,乡村20例。结论洛阳市引起手足口病的普通肠道病毒的构成较为复杂,在引起手足口病的普通肠道病毒中CA6病毒所占比例较高,对此应引起重视。