Effect of ingredients from Chinese herbs on enterovirus D68 production

Human enterovirus 68 (EVD68) is a primary causative agent for respiratory illness worldwide. Until now, there has been no available medication for treating EVD68‐related diseases. Rheum emodin, artemisinin, astragaloside, pseudolaric acid B, oridonin, and erianin are natural extracts from Chinese herbs that have traditionally been used for the treatment and prevention of epidemic diseases. Our results showed that pseudolaric acid B protected cells from EVD68‐induced cytopathic effects and decreased viral production. However, the same effects were not observed with rheum emodin, astragaloside, or artemisinin. Pseudolaric acid B inhibited EVD68 production by manipulating the host cell cycle in G2/M phase. Further, either oridonin or erianin related G2/M arrest also inhibited viral production. Due to inducing G2/M phase arrest, pseudolaric acid B, oridonin, and erianin might be good candidates for inhibiting EVD68 production, and Chinese herbs with natural compounds inducing G2/M arrest should be considered for the treatment of EVD68‐related diseases.     

海南省2008年手足口病样本核酸检测分析

目的 了解2008年海南省手足口病(HFMD)暴发的病原及主要的病毒型别,为HFMD病例诊断和防控措施提供科学依据。方法 依据卫生部《手足口病预防控制指南》提取HFMD临床诊断病例各种样本中的病毒核酸,用肠道病毒通用引物、肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)特异性引物进行逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),检测基因片段大小。结果 274例临床诊断手足口病病例中EV71型核酸阳性、柯萨奇病毒A16核酸阳性、其他型别肠道病毒核酸阳性分别有102,12,35例;样本中疱疹液阳性检出率最高,为72.0%,肛拭子为40.0%,鼻咽拭子为34.8%,其余样本均阴性;54份直接提取病毒核酸进行RT-PCR检测,结果阴性但细胞培养出现细胞病理改变(CPE)的分离物;肠道病毒、EV71型、CoxA16型阳性分别有48,29,4份,阳性率分别为88.89%,53.70%,7.40%;其中1份样本EV71型和CoxAl6型均为阳性。结论 引起海南省2008年手足口病暴发流行的主要病原是肠道病毒71型,其次为CoxAl6型。     

北京市1995-2011年急性弛缓性麻痹病例肠道病毒监测分析

目的分析北京市1995-2011年急性弛缓性麻痹（Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP）病例肠道病毒（Enterovirus,EV）监测情况。方法对北京市1995-2011年AFP病例分离到的脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（Poliovirus,PV）和非脊灰（Non-polio）EV（NPEV）进行描述性分析。结果共检测478例AFP病例的967份粪便标本,在90例AFP病例的133份粪便标本中检出EV,分离率为13.75%;其中20例AFP病例的41份粪便标本检出PV（30.83%）,70例AFP病例的92份粪便标本检出NPEV（69.17%）。在41份PV阳性标本中,检出PVⅡ型（Type 2）（PVⅡ）11份,PVⅢ型（Type 3）（PVⅢ）10份,分别占单型PV检出总数的40.74%和37.04%。在14例疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰（Vaccineassociated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,VAPP）病例中,PVⅡ和PVⅠ型（Type 1）（PVⅠ）＋PVⅡ＋PVⅢVAPP病例发病60天后随访均有不同程度的残留麻痹。2007-2008年,在NPEV阳性标本中检出7例14份粪便标本EV71型阳性,1例2份粪便标本柯萨奇病毒A组16型阳性。结论北京市1995~2011年AFP病例中,EV分布主要为NPEV,其次为PV;PVⅡ和PVⅠ＋PVⅡ＋PVⅢ是引起残留麻痹的主要PV型别;应深入研究EV不同血清型分布及流行规律。     

泰安市2012-2013年托幼机构手足口病感染状况分析

目的对2012-2013年度泰安市托幼机构HFMD病例的标本进行病原体检测和分析,了解本地区托幼机构HFMD感染状况。方法对临床诊断为手足口病病例在园儿童的粪便标本249份,用实时荧光定量PCR检测肠道病毒EV71和CA16。结果 2012-2013年肠道病毒阳性率分别为83.33%(110/132)和93.16%(109/117)。肠道病毒总阳性率为87.95%(219/249),CA16阳性率为40.56%(101/249),EV71阳性率为28.92%(72/249),其他肠道病毒为18.47%(46/249),CA16的阳性率高于EV71。发病年龄主要集中在2~4岁,男女性别比例为1.47:1。结论泰安市托幼机构手足口病疫情存在明显的年龄、性别差异,多种病毒株共存,以CA16为主。     

Aseptic meningitis epidemic during a West Nile virus avian epizootic

While enteroviruses have been the most commonly identified cause of aseptic meningitis in the United States, the role of the emerging, neurotropic West Nile virus (WNV) is not clear. In summer 2001, an aseptic meningitis epidemic occurring in an area of a WNV epizootic in Baltimore, Maryland, was investigated to determine the relative contributions of WNV and enteroviruses. A total of 113 aseptic meningitis cases with onsets from June 1 to September 30, 2001, were identified at six hospitals. WNV immunoglobulin M tests were negative for 69 patients with available specimens; however, 43 (61%) of 70 patients tested enterovirus-positive by viral culture or polymerase chain reaction. Most (76%) of the serotyped enteroviruses were echoviruses 13 and 18. Enteroviruses, including previously rarely detected echoviruses, likely caused most aseptic meningitis cases in this epidemic. No WNV meningitis cases were identified. Even in areas of WNV epizootics, enteroviruses continue to be important causative agents of aseptic meningitis.     

2010年盐城地区手足口病例肠道病毒型别调查

目的对盐城地区2010年手足口病患儿及其临床重症病例进行病原学调查。方法采集手足口病患儿咽拭子和肛拭子,对其病毒核酸进行肠道病毒检测定型。结果 481例(含重症52例)患儿采集的咽拭、肛拭标本中,共检测出病毒核酸阳性326例,阳性率为67.78%,其中CA16型44例(13.50%)、EV71型179例(54.91%)、未定型103例(31.59%)。52例重症病例中共检测出病毒核酸阳性45例,阳性率为86.54%,其中EV71型32例(71.11%)、未定型13例(28.89%)、CA16型0例。326例病毒核酸阳性患儿中男214例,女112例;45例病毒核酸阳性重症患儿中男33例,女12例。结论盐城地区手足口病患儿检测到的主要病原体是CA16和EV71等,EV71感染率高于CA16感染率,肠道病毒EV71是引起重症病例的主要病原体。     

肠道病毒71型感染乳鼠脑组织白介素1β与白介素6水平的研究

目的 检测肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染乳鼠脑组织白介素1β(IL-1β)与白介素6(IL-6)水平变化,探讨EV71致中枢损害可能的发病机制。方法 1日龄120只ICR乳鼠随机分为感染组及对照组。腹腔注射法建立EV71感染乳鼠模型。荧光定量RT-PCR法检测脑组织中EV71载量。光镜观察脑组织病理变化。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测脑组织匀浆液中IL-6与IL-1β含量。结果 感染组3 d、5 d与7 d乳鼠脑组织匀浆IL-1β浓度较对照组明显升高(P<0.01),感染组3 d、5 d、7 d与10 d乳鼠脑组织匀浆IL-6浓度较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),感染组1 d与14 d乳鼠脑组织匀浆IL-1β及IL-6浓度与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 EV71感染乳鼠早期脑组织中IL-1β及IL-6含量明显升高,其介导的免疫反应可能是EV71致中枢损害可能的机制之一。     

逆转录-环介导等温扩增技术结合横向流动试纸条法快速检测肠道病毒

目的建立一种快速特异敏感的肠道病毒检测方法。方法针对肠道病毒保守区基因序列,设计6条逆转录-环介导等温扩增技术(RT-LAMP)特异性引物,经过优化,用毛细管电泳及横向流动试纸条(LFD)检测扩增产物,建立RT-LAMPLFD检测方法,并与荧光定量PCR法进行比较。结果 LFD与毛细管电泳法检测特异的RT-LAMP扩增产物具有同样的敏感度,RT-LAMP-LFD法检测肠道病毒与其他病毒无交叉反应,最低检出限为10拷贝RNA分子,与荧光定量PCR法检测结果一致性为99.2%。结论建立的RT-LAMP-LFD方法,具有较高的特异性及灵敏度,操作简单、快速且不需要昂贵的仪器设备,适合应用于基层实验室肠道病毒的快速检测。     

Enterovirus co-infections and onychomadesis after hand, foot, and mouth disease, Spain, 2008

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a common disease caused by enteroviruses (EVs), usually affects children. Clustered and sporadic HFMD cases, followed by onychomadesis (nail shedding), occurred during summer and fall 2008 in Valencia, Spain. Fecal samples from onychomadesis patients, who did or did not have previous HFMD, and from healthy children exposed to onychomadesis patients tested positive for EV. The complete viral protein 1 capsid gene sequence was obtained for typing and phylogenetic analysis. Two EV serotypes, coxsackievirus A10 and coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1), were mainly detected as a monoinfection or co-infection in a childcare center where an onychomadesis outbreak occurred. On the basis of our results, and detection of CVB1 in 2 other contemporary onychomadesis outbreaks in childcare centers in Spain, we propose that mixed infection of an EV serotype that causes HFMD, plus the serotype CVB1, could explain the emergence after HFMD of onychomadesis, a rare and late complication.